EVOLUTION    OF    THE 
MACHINE    SHOP 


By 
JAMES   HARTNESS 

M 


JONES  &  LAMSON  MACHINE  CO. 

SPRINGFIELD,   VERMONT 
1905 


Copyright  1905  by  the 

Jones  &  Lamson  Machine  Company 

Springfield,  Vermont,  U.  S.  A. 


TJ  12.' 
1-V5.2 

\  <=i  o<Es 


FOREWORD 

HE  subject  of  evolution  of  the 
machine  shop  is  treated  under 
three  headings  : 

The  first  relates  to  the 
effect  of  this  evolution  on  the  problems 
of  management  ; 

The  second  considers  its  effect  on  the 
interests  of  the  individual  workers,  and 

The  third  points  out  in  non-technical 
language  some  of  the  changes  taking 
place  in  the  equipment. 

Following  this  will  be  found  the 
strictly  mechanical  and  commercial 
descriptions  of  one  of  the  links  in 
modern  equipment. 


Throughout  the  whole  it  is  hoped 
there  will  be  found  a  spirit  of  fairness 
and  exactness  of  utterance,  for  it  has 
been  our  aim  to  avoid  the  discourtesy  of 
either  making  extravagant  or  superficial 
statements  to  readers  who  are  seeking 
information  of  a  definite  character. 

MACHINE    SHOP    MANAGEMENT 

IN  the  good  old  days  of  small  machine 
shops  and  simple  mechanism,  the 
problems  of  management  were  easily 
solved.  In  those  days  one  manager, 
usually  the  owner,  directed  the  plant  single 
handed.  Now,  owing  to  the  greater  size 
of  individual  plants,  the  intricacy  of  both 
the  mechanism  and  business  relations,  the 
work  of  direction  is  divided  between  several 
managers. 

The  first  and  most  common  division  of 
work  separates  the  mechanical  from  the 
financial ;  after  this  the  subdivisions  go  on 
according  to  the  magnitude  of  the  plant. 


|  of  the 

work  ^  has  hacl  a  tendency  to  narrow  .the 
view  and  obscure  some  of  the  essential'  coil- 
ditions  that  should  be  constantly  feqxne  in 
mind,  and  it  is  our  purpose  now  to  call 
attention  to  some  of  these  essential  elements. 
They  will  be  unmistakably  recognized  when 
separated  from  their  present  covering  of 
voluminous  data,  and  this  isolation  of  these 
facts  will  make  it  possible  to  present  to  the 
financier  some  of  the  controlling  mechanical 
elements,  and  to  the  mechanical  manager 
some  of  the  real  essentials  of  the  financial 
side. 

No  attempt  is  to  be  made  to  give  the 
financier  instruction  in  finance,  our  sole  aim 
being  to  separate  the  controlling  points 
from  the  maze  of  non-essentials,  the  finan- 
cial for  the  mechanical  managers  and  the 
mechanical  for  the  financier,  and  as  a  result 
bring  closely  together  fundamental  mechan- 
ical and  financial  data  relating  to  the 
machine  shop. 


^factors        One  of  the  niost  important  factors  to  be 
hopman*   considered    in  machine  shop    management 
agement   js   j^e  p}arit  value.      Plant  value  is    some- 
times   superficially    stated    to    be     wholly 
dependent   on    the    earning    power   of   the 
plant,  although  it  is  not  generally  stated  that 
it  is  the  present  earning  power  that  is  being 
used  as  a  basis,  yet,  nevertheless,  this  is  the 
actual  basis. 

Now,  since  the  present  earning  power 
may  be  at  the  expense  of  plant  value,  it  is 
best  to  get  clearly  in  mind  what  constitutes 
genuine  plant  value,  and  when  it  is  safe  to 
assume  that  the  plant  is  not  depreciating. 

Value        The  scheme  of  valuation  has  for  its  object 

based  on 

inventory  the  obtaining  of  some  basis  for  recording 
its  approximate  value  in  financial  terms. 
Valuation  based  on  inventory  is  made  up 
according  to  the  value  of  each  element. 

This  valuation  should  not  be  considered 
the  real  value  of  the  plant  in  operation.  It 
is  only  its  selling  value,  not  the  value  at 
which  it  should  be  retained  and  operated. 


To  make  this  statement  clearer  it  is  only 
necessary  to  imagine  an  extreme  case  of  a 
machine  shop  intended  for  general  machine 
building  purposes,  equipped  exclusively 
with  lathes  of  one  size  and  having  no  other 
kind  of  machinery.  Now,  the  selling  value 
of  the  plant  might  look  well  on  paper,  but 
it  would  not  express  the  true  value  of  a  live 
plant.  This  example  shows  that  the  equip- 
ment should  be  a  complete  and  harmonious 
whole  ;  but  there  is  still  another  comparison 
to  bring  out  another  phase. 

Let  us  take  for  an  example,  (and  it  is  not 
difficult  to  find  one),  a  machine  shop  in 
which  the  modern  links  in  equipment  are 
missing.  The  equipment  may  be  consid- 
ered a  harmonious  whole,  yet,  on  account 
of  its  lacking  shapers  for  small  planer  work, 
and  boring  mills  for  that  class  of  lathe  work, 
it  may  be  utterly  valueless  as  a  plant.  This 
does  not  mean  that  it  has  no  value  in  the 
second-hand  market ;  it  only  means  that  as  it 
is  it  has  no  value  as  a  running  machine 
shop. 


In  determining  the  earning  power  of  a 
machine  shop  it  is  customary  to  take  the 
net  profit  resulting  from  the  sale  of  its 
product.  This  method  includes  the  variable 
element  of  the  product's  market.  If  the 
product  be  one  of  many  of  the  standard 
machines  in  which  competition  has  kept 
down  the  selling  price,  there  is  less  chance 
of  error  in  taking  the  earning  power  as  the 
basis  of  value,  but  even  here  it  must  be 
borne  in  mind  that  during  the  last  twenty 
years  there  has  been  practically  a  continuous 
boom.  The  unprecedented  growth  of  de- 
mand for  all  kinds  of  machinery  has  not 
only  brought  into  existence  many  new 
machine  shops,  but  it  has  also  kept  profit- 
ably employed  many  other  plants  that  have 
not  kept  abreast  of  the  times. 

The  new  plants  have  been  equipped  with 
machinery  having  much  greater  efficiency 
than  the  equipment  of  the  old  plants,  and, 
since  the  value  of  a  plant  depends  on  its 
competitive  efficiency,  the  old  plant  has 
suffered  a  great  depreciation  by  the  general 


advance  in  which  it  has  not  shared.  The 
fact  that  it  has  not  ceased  to  run  at  a  profit 
has  been  due  to  the  great  demand  for  all 
kinds  of  machine  work,  and  "not  to  its 
being  of  value  as  a  competitive  plant  under 
normal  conditions. 

Another  deceptive  factor  is  the  very 
uneven  results  temporarily  shown  by  new 
and  old  plants.  For  instance,  the  old  plant 
makes  so  much  better  use  of  its  old 
machinery  which  fits  its  organization  that  it 
sometimes  makes  a  better  showing  than  a 
new  plant  which  is  suffering  from  conges- 
tion caused  by  many  undigested  improve- 
ments ;  but  as  time  goes  on  the  equipment 
and  organization  of  the  new  plant  will 
become  synchronized,  and  its  output  will 
slowly  but  surely  exceed  that  of  the  older 
plant. 

Reference  has  been  made  to  extreme 
cases,  not  because  such  are  commonly 
found,  but  because  they  serve  as  pointers 
in  considering  the  average  plant  in  which 
there  are  frequently  found  some  of  the 


elements  of  the  extreme  ;  also  to  bring  out 
the  fact  that  value  based  on  inventory  as  it 
is  usually  taken,  and  on  earning  power, 
may  not  indicate  the  true  value  of  the 
plant. 

Elements        The  plant  value    depends    primarily    on 

of  plant 

value  the  efficiency  of  its  various  elements. 
The  first  may  be  considered  the  relation 
under  which  its  various  managers  work. 
Under  the  head  of  managers  we  include 
all  thoughtful  workers  in  the  organization. 

SANE    ORGANIZATION 

HARMONY  in  organization  is  some- 
thing that  will  make  success  against 
many  adverse  conditions,  and  the  lack  of  it 
will  generally  insure  defeat,  regardless  of 
all  other  conditions.  The  thoughtful  work 
of  each  man  is  the  real  progressive  work, 
and,  although  this  is  stimulated  by  a  whole- 
some rivalry,  it  is  wholly  checked  by  strife. 
Every  man  knows  that  an  unpleasant  con- 
troversy in  the  morning  will  cut  out  all 


chance  of  progressive  work  during  the  day, 
and  that  it  is  more  fatiguing  than  work. 

The  absolute  necessity  of  harmonious 
relation  of  various  managers  should  not 
require  special  mention.  It  is  only  stated 
here  because  it  is  of  first  importance  in  the 
element  of  plant  value.  It  does  not  appear 
in  the  statement  of  assets  of  a  company, 
but  it  must  be  remembered  that  no  estimate 
of  the  plant  value  can  be  used  as  a  basis  of 
calculation  for  the  future  that  does  not 
include  this  element  of  supreme  importance. 

CHANGING   CHARACTER   OF  EQUIP- 
MENT 

WE  should  consider  a  plant  as  a  living, 
growing  thing,  ever  changing  for 
better  or  worse.  It  must  not  only  be  con- 
sidered from  a  standpoint  of  present 
efficiency  when  compared  with  other  plants, 
but  its  growth  in  efficiency  must  be  keeping 
pace  with  the  general  progress.  Slow 
growth,  due  to  over-conservatism  or  lack  of 
courage,  may  result  in  a  serious  loss  of 


relative  position  ;  and,  on  the  other  hand, 
the  forced  growth  sometimes  causes  a  tem- 
porary discomfiture,  due  to  failure  of  organ- 
ization to  adapt  itself  to  the  new  conditions. 

HOW     TO     MAINTAIN     EFFICIENCY 

A  LTHOUGH  the  efficiency  of  the  plant 
/JL  as  a  whole  makes  the  real  value,  it 
becomes  necessary  to  consider  the  elements 
of  its  equipment  when  we  wish  to  find  the 
proper  places  for  pruning  and  cultivation. 
Each  process  and  each  machine  should  be 
compared  with  the  best  obtainable  to-day 
for  the  particular  work.  This  does  not 
mean  the  latest,  but  it  does  mean  the  best 
for  the  work  as  it  comes  in  this  plant  to-day 
and  with  some  view  of  its  probable  nature 
to-morrow. 

A  machine  may  be  of  any  age  so  long  as 
it  is  the  most  efficient  for  the  work  required 
of  it.  But,  just  as  a  plant  may  pass  from  a 
state  of  value  to  one  of  no  value  as  a  plant, 
so  an  individual  machine  may  lose  its  real 
value  for  a  given  class  of  work.  This 


transition  from  value  to  no  value  is  generally 
due  to  the  particular  machine  having  been 
superseded  by  something  of  much  greater 
efficiency.  This  may  occur  one  year  or 
thirty  years  after  it  has  been  installed. 

The  process,  then,  of  keeping  a  plant  in 
permanently  profitable  condition  requires 
the  substitution  of  the  efficient  for  the  in- 
efficient, and  the  natural  place  to  begin  is 
in  that  class  of  machinery  in  which  the 
greatest  difference  exists  between  the  best 
obtainable  and  that  in  use. 

If  the  recent  progress  has  been  made  in 
planing  machines,  and  the  greatest  saving 
can  be  effected  by  changes  in  the  planer 
department,  then  let  the  progressive  work 
take  place  there.  If,  on  the  other  hand,  no 
great  advancement  has  been  recently  made 
in  this  art,  but  has  been  in  machines  for 
lathe  work,  then,  let  the  old  planers  run, 
and  get  the  saving  by  correcting  the  lathe 
methods. 


THE    COST    OF    PROGRESS 

THE  cost  of  new  machinery  to  be  put 
in  each  year  cannot  be  stated  in  figures 
of  per  centage  to  total  equipment,  for  it  de- 
pends on  the  opportunities  and  necessities 
involved  in  the  natural  progress  of  the  art. 
This  cost  at  times  adds  no  burden  to  the 
cost  of  running  for  the  year,  for  in  some 
instances  the  saving  effected  during  the  year 
is  greater  than  the  first  cost  of  installation, 
so  that  the  real  cost  for  introduction  of 
some  later-day  machines  may  be  counted 
only  as  time  and  mental  energy  involved  in 
carefully  considering  the  problem. 

PROBLEMS    READILY    UNDERSTOOD 

IN  some  of  the  discussion  which  follows 
it  is  necessary  to  deal  with  the  strictly 
mechanical,  but  it  will  be  done  in  such  a 
manner  that,  barring  a  few  paragraphs, 
every  one  may  clearly  understand  the 
governing  principles  which  will  serve 
as  pointers  in  considering  many  of  the 


processes  involved  in  present  machine  shop 
practice,  for,  although  many  marvelous  and 
intricate  machines  are  now  in  use  which  are 
thoroughly  understood  by  only  a  few  men, 
the  art  has  not  yet  advanced  so  far  that  its 
fundamental  principles  are  beyond  the  com- 
prehension of  the  business  man  or  financier. 
We  do  not  mean  that  we  may  not  be  bewil- 
dered by  a  sleight-o'-hand  performer  who 
directs  attention  to  some  insignificant  act 
with  one  hand  while  he  is  performing  the 
real  act  with  the  other  hand,  but  we  mean 
that  in  the  discussion  that  follows  the  bot- 
tom principles  will  be  set  forth  without 
reference  to  the  number  of  teeth  in  each 
gear  or  any  other  mass  of  details  that  has 
no  bearing  on  the  essential  facts. 


THE    PERSONAL    VIEW 

UNDER  this  heading  we  wish  to  bring 
out  the  effect  of  the  evolution  on  the 
interest  of  the  individual — not  as  an  owner, 
but  as  an  earner  of  a  salary  or  wage  :  First 
by  stating  the  real  value  of  an  earning 
power  of  an  individual  ;  then  by  indicating 
its  relative  permanency  and  means  for  its 
protection  and  betterment. 

The  salary  or  pay  received  in  return 
for  services  has  a  greater  significance 
than  a  mere  exchange  of  money  for  brain 
energy.  It  is  an  indisputable  tribute  to  the 
genuine  worth  of  the  individual.  This  is 
valued  by  every  intelligent  worker  regardless 
of  his  wealth,  for,  although  tribute  is  some- 
times falsely  given  in  words,  it  is  seldom 
falsely  paid  in  cash. 

The  value  of  this  remuneration  as  an 
evidence  of  real  worth  is  not  all,  for  it  has  a 
monetary  value  which  should  not  be  disre- 
garded. On  a  4  per  cent,  interest  earning 
basis  each  $100  earned  per  year  indicates 


a  value  <$/ $2$oo>~"  fce/ice-  $1000  earned 
year  is  worth  $25,obo,  and  $2000  per  year  ' 
is  worth  $50,000  to  the  recipient. 

This  is  real  value,  with  a  security  in  some 
respects  better  than  a  more  easily  negotiable 
principal  which  the  possessor  might  be 
beguiled  into  exchanging  for  some  hazard- 
ous investment.  Since  this  earning  power 
has  this  value,  let  us  see  on  what  basis  it 
stands.  Is  it  secure  regardless  of  the  pos- 
sessor's indifference  ?  Or,  is  it  something 
to  be  guarded  ? 

Success  in  management  of  a  business  or 
department  may  give  a  good  name  and  a 
good  professional  standing,  but  it  must  be 
remembered  that  just  as  a  plant  may  or  may 
not  be  on  a  sure  footing,  so  there  may  be  a 
doubt  regarding  the  professional  standing 
and  good  name  of  each  individual  in  re- 
sponsible position. 

To-day's  standing  is  based  on  yesterday's 
action,  and  to-morrow's  position  will  be  the 
result  of  the  decisions  of  to-day. 

The  correct  course  for  to-day  may  not  be 


very  clear,  but  it  is  safe  to  conclude  that 
there  is  no  safety  in  standing  still,  for  that 
surely  results  in  losing  one's  position  in  the 
race. 

One  way  to  make  or  protect  a  good  name 
is  to  be  on  the  right  side  of  questions  re- 
lating to  progressive  development.  No 
credit  or  good  comes  from  weakly  suggest- 
ing the  adoption  of  this  or  that  method,  or 
resorting  to  the  "  I-told-you-so  "  attitude. 

Real  results  come  from  strenuous  and 
tireless  insistence  upon  an  action  which  you 
believe  is  best. 

It  may  be  that  the  plant  will  be  carried 
along  by  the  combined  work  of  all  without 
it  becoming  necessary  for  you  to  conspicu- 
ously push  for  some  reform,  and,  as  a  result 
of  such  combined  work,  the  whole  scheme 
may  for  many  years  continue  to  furnish 
comfortable  conditions  for  you,  or,  if  not, 
perhaps  some  other  opening  may  be  found 
in  some  other  establishment,  and  all  this 
may  happen  without  your  playing  the  pain- 
ful part  of  a  reformer  ;  but  the  chances  are 


that  inaction  now  will  not  result  in  any  such 
favorable  future  ;  on  the  contrary,  there  is 
much  evidence  to  show  that  individuals  rise 
and  fall  even  quicker  than  companies. 

Many  of  the  important  actions  may  be 
tested  without  greatly  jeopardizing  an  in- 
dividual's name  ;  for  instance,  a  maker  of  a 
device  or  machine  may  make  a  claim  that 
he  can  effect  an  important  saving  in  the 
cost  of  your  work,  and  stands  ready  to  dem- 
onstrate, without  cost  to  your  company, 
and  without  placing  you  on  record  as  in- 
dorsing his  views — there  is  small  chance  of 
mistake.  Let  him  demonstrate  or  fail,  and 
let  him  abide  by  the  result.  It  is  his  own 
proposition.  You  will  indorse  it  if  it  is  a 
success,  but  if  it  is  not,  you  will  not  want 
that  machine  standing  in  your  plant,  for  it 
would  be  there  as  a  continual  evidence  of 
somebody's  blunder. 

With  the  ever-increasing  complexity  of 
machines  you  should  compare  results,  and 
should  not  hesitate  to  disclaim  attempting 
to  comprehend  each  minute  detail  of  each 


machine.  Therefore,  let  the  burden  of 
proof  rest  on  the  advocate. 

In  considering  cost  of  production  by 
present  method  compared  with  some  newly 
proposed  scheme,  see  what  saving  is  to 
be  made  by  the  change.  The  saving  for 
one  year  makes  a  convenient  basis  ;  com- 
pare this  with  the  cost  involved  in  making 
the  change.  If  you  see  a  chance  to  make 
a  good  saving  by  the  introduction  of  a 
certain  machine,  the  next  step  is  to  make 
sure  that  that  machine  is  the  best  of  its 
kind. 

Unfortunately  the  maker's  standing  is 
not  a  conclusive  proof,  for  the  best  machine 
shop  equipment  cannot  be  obtained  from 
any  one  company  or  any  one  section  of  our 
country.  The  best  companies  are  unable 
to  keep  their  entire  line  of  manufacture  in 
the  lead  ;  in  fact,  some  of  the  machines 
turned  out  by  the  best  builders  are  known 
to  be  back  numbers.  Why  is  this  so  ?  How 
can  they  be  of  the  best,  and  yet  so  far  be- 
hind in  some  respects  ? 


There  may  be  no  satisfactory  explanation, 
further  than  that  good  things  may  grow  up 
anywhere  in  the  country  and  be  developed 
by  the  most  faithful  and  zealous  specialists, 
and  that  no  one  company,  no  state,  and  no 
section  of  our  glorious  country,  can  have  a 
monopoly  of  all  of  the  machines  of  all  types. 

But,  while  warning  against  the  mistake  of 
selecting  a  machine  on  the  builder's  general 
reputation,  it  should  be  borne  in  mind  that 
although  that  is  not  a  guarantee  of  correct 
design,  the  greatest  mistake  of  all  is  to  dis- 
regard the  builder's  reputation. 

See  to  it  that  your  proposed  new  ma- 
chinery is  of  correct  design  and  made  by 
one  of  the  best  companies,  but  don't  accept 
any  machine  that  meets  only  one  of  these 
two  requirements. 

Whatever  policy  you  follow  in  the  manage- 
ment of  your  own  personal  interests,  it  is 
safe  to  state  that  a  careful  consideration  of 
each  new  phase  of  problems  is  absolutely 
necessary  to  enable  you  to  hold  your  own, 
to  say  nothing  about  advancement. 


The  problems  of  machine  shop  manage- 
ment are  affected  by  the  evolution  of  its 
machinery  as  much,  if  not  more,  than  by 
any  other  element. 

All  new  growth  is  not  of  a  kind  that  may 
be  of  service  to  you ;  in  fact,  much  that  is 
new  is  inferior  to  the  old. 

In  this  book  is  set  forth  a  machine  built 
on  new  lines.  It  is  one  of  the  new  things 
that  affects  machine  shop  values.  If  it  is  a 
good  machine,  it  gives  its  users  an  advan- 
tage over  others.  If  it  is  not  a  good  ma- 
chine, the  advantage  goes  to  the  non-users. 

It  has  been  on  the  market  in  its  present 
form  since  March  of  1904.  It  is  an  out- 
growth of  the  original  Flat  Turret  which 
held  undisputed  supremacy  since  1891. 
There  are  thousands  of  the  original  and 
hundreds  of  the  present  in  operation.  The 
original  machine  has  been  abandoned  by 
its  makers  for  this  new  type.  This  may 
only  indicate  that  they  consider  the  new 
more  profitable ;  but  even  so,  a  machine 
cannot  be  profitable  to  the  builder  without 


its  being  iri'^c 

hearty  indorsement  br\he  users.' 

In  addition' fto^your  being  able  to  se£ 
plant 

(and  many  of 
actual  use  in  other  plants),  you  have  in  this 
problem  that  extra  chance  of  proof  offered 
by  the  builder  to  demonstrate  its  value  on 
your  own  work,  in  your  own  plant,  in  the 
hands  of  your  own  men,  without  cost  to  you, 
and  without  your  indorsement  until  it  has 
there  shown  its  value. 

The  foregoing  pointers  do  not  include  an 
important  element,  and  one  that  must  be 
settled  by  your  own  decision ;  namely,  Is 
this  machine  the  best  of  its  kind  ?  There 
may  be  a  dozen  machines  that  would  effect 
a  saving  on  some  of  your  work,  but  in 
making  each  move  see  to  it  that  it  is  the 
best.  Your  own  future  depends  on  your 
judgment  in  such  matters. 

In  the  following  pages  you  will  find  some 
of  the  important  points  to  be  kept  in  mind 
in  considering  such  questions. 


HE  evolution  of  the  machine 
shop  is  a  topic  of  vital  interest 
to  everybody,  from  the  proprietor, 
to  the  apprentice.  All  must 
know  the  tendency  of  the  times.  The 
development  is  going  on  irresistibly.  The 
change  affects  the  security  of  investment, 
the  reputation  of  managers  and  the  trade 
of  machinists. 

It  is  a  time  for  cool  observation  and 
careful  determination  of  the  proper  course. 
There  is  no  other  way  to  protect  a  good 
name,  to  make  a  good  record,  or  to  keep 
a  plant  from  depreciating,  to  say  noth- 
ing about  making  a  dollars-and-cents  profit, 
which  is  the  substantial  proof  of  good 
work. 


The  condition  that  confronts  us  to-day  is 
one  of  unusual  activity  in  the  development 
of  important  changes  in  the  art.  There 
have  been  whole  centuries  since  the  begin- 
ning of  the  human  race  in  which  there  has 
been  little  or  no  progress  in  the  arts.  But 
the  last  century  was  not  one  of  that  kind, 
and  the  last  decade  was  probably  the  greatest 
in  point  of  progressive  development,  the 
machine  shop  sharing  in  record-making 
advancement ;  but  great  as  this  advance- 
ment has  been,  there  is  evidence  in  the 
signs  of  the  times  that  the  next  five 
years  will  greatly  outdo  the  last  ten  in 
changing  the  methods  of  machine  shop 
work. 

1895A.D.  An  indication  of  the  tendency  of  the 
I^s  A!  D!  times  may  be  best  obtained  by  a  careful 
study  of  the  present-day  conditions  and  a 
glance  at  the  older  practice.  Within  the 
last  ten  years  many  special  machines  have 
become  standard,  and  there  are  now  many 
machines  for  the  work  for  which  there  were 
formerly  only  the  lathe,  planer  and  drill 

26 


press ;  so  that  the  machine  shop  of  to-day 
does  not  resemble  the  machine  shop  of  ten 
years  ago,  and  it  is  very  safe  to  assume  that 
the  shop  of  ten  years  hence  will  be  very 
unlike  the  present. 

Many  of  the  present-day  machines  were 
originally  designed  for  special  conditions 
and  for  a  certain  narrow  field  of  work  in 
which  good  results  were  given.  Nearly  all 
of  these  machines  have  been  used  beyond 
the  field  for  which  they  were  intended, 
so  that  now  we  find  certain  parts  of  the 
work  covered  by  many  different  types  of 
machines. 

This  variety  renders  it  possible  for  the   Sufficient 

'  data  now 

careful  observer  to  select  the  machines  best  at  hand 
suited  for  the  present-day  conditions,  and 
although  this  is  the  process  of  selection  that 
has  been  followed  in  the  past,  there  is  to-day 
not  only  greater  opportunity,  but  an  absolute 
necessity  of  knowing  the  machines  that 
should  be  used,  also  those  which  should  be 
discarded.  The  machines  and  methods  for 
next  month's  work  or  next  year's  work  should 


be    selected    after     carefully    looking    over 

those  now  in  use.     This  may  seem  a  very 

great  task  to  men  who   have  made  a  life 

study  of  some  other  phase  of  work  in  which 

every    minute    of    every    day    is    occupied, 

but  it  is  not  so  difficult,  after  all,  if  the  real 

essentials  alone  are  considered. 

Only  the        It  is  here  the  intention  to  state  some  of 

essential  the  real  essential  elements  that  should  be 

elements 

necessary  borne  in  mind  by  one  trying  to  find  the  true 
course.  These  pointers  are  all  submitted 
subject  to  the  approval  of  the  reader,  and 
are  only  offered  on  their  face  value,  as  they 
may  appear  to  be  in  accordance  with  ex- 
perience and  facts  within  the  knowledge  of 
everybody. 

It  is  not  necessary  to  thoroughly  under- 
stand all  of  the  new  special  machines  put 
on  the  market  any  more  than  it  is  necessary 
to  read  all  of  the  books  of  fiction  that  are 
now  being  printed  faster  than  any  person 
living  can  digest. 

A  watch  may  be  judged  by  its  record 
as  a  timekeeper  without  much  knowledge 


of  its  parts,  and  although  this  is  true  of 
all  machinery  there  is  a  certain  general 
knowledge  that  should  be  possessed  by  all 
who  wish  to  see  the  direction  of  evolution. 
Now,  since  so  much  is  written  of  an 
advertising  nature,  in  which  the  real  object 
of  the  writer  is  concealed,  it  is  understood 
that  the  average  reader  has  become  wary, 
and  discounts  in  advance  any  'statement 
with  the  feeling  that  the  writer  has  his  own 
interest  in  mind,  and  that  sooner  or  later  it 
will  appear.  In  the  discussion  of  this 
subject,  however,  it  is  not  the  intention  to 
conceal  this  fact,  but  this  very  point  is 
brought  forward  at  this  time  with  the 
acknowledgment  that  it  is  a  handicap,  but  Mechani- 

with    the    claim  that  mechanical    facts  are   suscep- 
tible of 
hard  facts,  and  that  by  a  full  and  complete   proof 

disclosure  the  subject  becomes  clear,  and 
that  as  we  proceed  each  point  will  be  clearly 
stated  that  it  may  be  recognized  as  true  or 
false.  No  attempt  in  dealing  with  hard 
facts  will  be  made  to  prove  that  two  and 
two  make  five  ;  each  proposition  is  to  be  of 


the  simplest  nature,  and  as  readily  understood 
as  the  simplest  example  in  arithmetic,  and 
as  definitely  conclusive. 

In  getting  at  the  present  conditions  in  the 
machine  shop  always  have  in  mind  the 
useful  efficiency  of  the  machine.  This 
means  more  than  the  record  time  in  which  a 
piece  of  work  can  be  machined;  it  includes 
the  performance  of  the  machine  every  day 
in  the  year. 
NO  profit  Many  record-making  machines  have  two 

in  record 

spurts  kinds  of  records  :  the  number  of  seconds 
in  which  a  single  piece  of  work  can  be 
machined,  and  the  number  of  months 
required  to  get  new  tools  for  each  new  piece 
of  work.  This  makes  it  necessary  to 
observe  all  of  the  actual  conditions.  The 
standard  engine  lathe  has  the  good  record 
for  continuous  work.  A  glance  through  any 
machine  shop  will  usually  show  all  of  the 
lathes  at  work,  but  seldom  all  of  the  won- 
der-working special  machines  in  opera- 
tion. 


Many  of  the  most  successful  machine 
shop  managers  have  preferred  the  slow  but 
sure  method  of  getting  out  the  work,  and 
their  good  results  have  furnished  ample 
proof  of  their  wisdom  ;  but,  as  stated  in  the 
beginning,  this  is  the  period  in  the  evolution 
of  the  machine  shop  in  which  progressive 
steps  are  necessary.  Not  all  of  the  latter-day 
machines  are  found  lacking  in  quick  adap- 
tability. Some  of  these  machines  will  be  Machine 

for  every 

found  in  operation  every  hour  of  every  day,   hour  of 

every  day 

regardless  of  the  character  of  the  work. 

One   of    the   conditions    that    should    be   changing 

character 

borne  in  mind  in  trying  to  determine  the  line  of  work 
of  development  of  the  modern  machine 
shop  is  the  changing  character  of  its  own 
work.  Many  of  the  rim-rolling  and  other 
special  machines  for  bicycle  work  are  of 
very  little  use  to-day.  If  there  is  any 
evidence  that  the  turbine  engine  and  the 
electric  motor  are  to  partly  or  wholly  displace 
the  present  engine  and  locomotive,  those 
interested  should  see  that  their  machine  shop 


equipment    is  kept    flexible   and  adaptable 
enough  to  meet  the  new  conditions. 
.  Jj>e       The   extreme   cases   of   the    bicycle,  the 

probability 

of  changes  turbine  engine  and  the  electric  motor  are  not 
analogous  to  the  changing  character  of  work 
in  the  average  machine  shop,  but  every  one 
knows  that  only  the  most  visionary  are 
unmindful  of  change  required  in  their  own 
product. 

It  is  the  intention  here  to  discuss  only 
one  of  the  phases  of  the  subject,  but  the 
principles  set  forth  will  be  found  applicable 
to  a  wide  range. 

In  order  to  mention  exact  conditions  we 
shall  consider  the  lathe  and  various  ma- 
chines in  which  a  cutting  tool  is  held  and 
controlled  by  one  part  of  the  machine, 
while  the  work  is  held  and  controlled  by 
another  part,  the  whole  object  of  these 
machines  being  to  absolutely  control  the 
relative  motion  of  work  and  cutting  tool. 

So  much  attention  is  being  given  to  the 
convenience  of  handling  in  hand-operated 
machine  tools  and  the  development  of 


automatic  features,  that  we  have  temporarily 
lost  sight  of  the  greatest  of  all  questions  ; 
and  that  is,  the  control  under  which  the  work 
and  tool  are  brought  together. 

We  know  that  a  cutting  tool  will  last 
almost  indefinitely  under  some  conditions, 
and  under  other  conditions  the  edge  seems 
quickly  destroyed. 

The  destruction  of  the  cutting  edge  is  not 
wholly  due  to  the  real  work  of  separating 
material ;  in  fact,  only  a  small  amount  of 
wear  is  due  to  the  work.  The  greatest 
edge-destroying  action  is  side  motion  or 
quivering,  which  in  the  most  extreme  cases 
may  be  heard  and  felt. 

It  has  been  generally  assumed  that  in 
absence  of  any  marked  quivering,  such  as 
would  be  called  chattering,  that  the  tool 
was  free  from  this  edge-destroying  action. 
That  this  is  erroneous  Avill  be  clearly  shown 
later  on. 

Very  few  of  the  standard  machine  tools 
hold  the  work  and  tool  with  sufficient  firmness 
of  control  to  prevent  this  lateral  trembling 


or  quivering.  Before  passing  this  point, 
it  should  be  explained  that  the  meaning  of 
lateral  motion  is  that  motion  which  is  across 
the  cutting  edge  of  the  tool,  and  not  in 
the  general  direction  of  the  cut. 
A  cutting  The  cutting  edge  of  a  knife  would  not 
be  acute,  a  last  long  if  used  for  scraping  the  surface  of 
edge  blunt  a  stick ;  in  fact,  it  would  not  last  long  if  we 
were  to  use  the  knife  in  the  same  way  that 
we  use  a  lathe  tool  in  the  average  lathe. 
But  the  knife  edge  will  last  in  whittling 
because  there  is  no  scrape  across  its  edge. 
This  is  just  as  true  of  a  cutting  tool  working 
in  metal,  for  the  lateral  motion  of  the  metal 
across  the  edge  of  the  tool  causes  a  side 
pressure  against  the  edge  where  there  is 
no  backing,  and  causes  its  wearing  away, 
whereas,  when  the  work  is  moved  against  the 
edge  firmly  in  its  true  path  only,  the  edge  is 

Real  cut-  free  from  side  thrust.   For  the  real  work  of  cut- 
ting with-      .  1-1  • 

out  quiver  ting,  the  extreme  edge  is  braced  and  sustained 

sharpens  111-  -T 

tool   by  the  backing,  and  has  great  durability. 

Under   correct  conditions,  the  action  of 
a  heavy  chip  of    steel  on  a  properly    pro- 


portioned  tool  occasionally  wears  a  slight 
hollow  just  back  of  the  edge  instead  of 
wearing  away  the  edge.  This  action  has 
been  occasionally  observed  in  the  engine 
lathe,  where  it  happens  as  a  result  of  a 
balance  of  conditions  which  includes  an 
amount  of  clearance  of  the  tool  that  just 
equals  the  feed,  and  which  allows  the  tool 
to  steady  itself  by  riding  on  the  finished 
surface.  This  prevents  the  quivering  which 
would  otherwise  have  rounded  the  edge 
before  the  chip  could  have  had  time  to  make 
an  impression  elsewhere. 

Experience  has  demonstrated  that  accurate 
control  of  work  and  tools  not  only  adds  to 
the  durability  of  the  tool  and  accuracy  of 
the  product,  but  this  condition  makes  it 
possible  to  leave  not  only  a  true  surface,  but 
a  smooth  surface  when  taking  a  relatively 
large  cut. 

Now,  this  is  not  a  point  at  which  to  throw   Theory 
clown  the  book  and  say  that  this  is  theory,   practice 
that  the   finishing  cut  must  be  a  light  cut, 
and    that   the    writer    is    now    leaving   the 


bounds  of  reason  and  practice.  Experience 
with  the  former  types  of  lathes  has  proven 
that  finishing  cuts  must  be  light  cuts,  or,  in 
other  words,  a  cut  that  is  lighter  than  the 
heaviest  cut  that  we  can  take  with  the 
same  machine. 

Now,  this  statement  is  true,  although 
the  light  cut  for  the  ideal  machine  would 
be  considered  a  heavy  cut  in  the  old 
machine,  for  in  the  ideal  machine  both 
the  roughing  cut  and  the  finishing  cut 
should  be  larger  than  the  respective  cuts  in 
the  former  types  of  machines ;  the  only 
practical  limitation  should  be  in  that  class 
of  work  where,  owing  to  the  distortion  of 
the  metal  on  removing  a  large  proportion  of 
its  surface,  it  is  necessary  to  take  a  light 
cut  for  finishing. 

Firm  con-  Firm  control  makes  it  possible  to  use 
r°shlrP  sharp  cutting  tools  ;  that  is,  tools  with  slight 
clearance  and  plenty  of  rake,  the  rake  being 
principally  in  the  direction  to  make  easy 
the  flow  of  the  metal  from  the  largest  part 
of  the  chip.  This  tool,  when  used  without 


•    !' 

back  rests|i8>uld  Iri^UteicEVrJbr'sHghtty 

rounded,  and  the,  part  of  the  tool  that  leaves 
the  final  surface"'  should  have  sufficient 
width  to  cover  two  or  more  times  the. width 
of  the  feed,  and  the  proper  'shape  to 
gradually  reduce  the  thickness  of  chip  as 
it  approaches  the  finishing  part. 

We  all  know  the  shape  of  the  ideal 
tool  for  removing  plenty  of  metal,  and  at 
the  same  time  leaving  a  smooth  metal 
surface. 

We  have  all  seen  the  other  extreme  where 
a  blunt  tool  has  been  made  to  tear  off  metal 
in  a  powerful  machine,  in  which  the  finished 
surface  looked  as  if  the  metal  had  been 
pulled  out  by  the  roots. 

Former    practice    seemed     to    establish   Rough 

surface 

that    a    comparativelv   blunt    tool    should   left  by 

powerful 

be  used  in  taking  a  heavy  cut.     Since  this   machines 

using 

point  is  more  fully  explained  further  on,  it  blunt  tools 
is   only  necessary  here  to  say  that  the  blunt 
tool  is  undoubtedly   the   best  for  the  ma- 
chines in  which  it  is  used,  on  account  of 
the  excessive  side  quivering,  which   would 


quickly  destroy  the  edge  of  a  properly 
shaped  cutting  tcol. 

Other  tool  shapes  are  more  fully  discussed 
elsewhere ;  in  order  to  bring  out  the  im- 
portance of  correct  design  in  the  machine 
we  are  here  considering  only  those  tools 
that  must  depend  on  the  firmness  of  control 
of  the  machine  without  aid  of  back  rests  or 
steady  rests. 

The        For  the  purpose  of  setting  forth  the  corn- 
standard 

lathe   mon  method  of  controlling  both  the  work  and 

tools,  it  is  necessary  to  call  attention  to  the 
present  scheme  of  work  and  tool  carriages. 
In  doing  so  it  will  be  necessary  to  say  some 
unkind  things  about  everybody's  friend,  the 
standard  engine  lathe ;  not  that  it  is  the 
standard  engine  lathe  alone  that  is  borne 
in  mind,  for  remarks  regarding  this  ma- 
chine may  be  readily  applied  to  other  tool 
mountings.  We  recognize  that  the  engine 
lathe  has  been  the  machine  from  which  all 
of  the  wonderful  mechanism  of  the  age  has 
come,  and  although  in  some  respects  it  is 
felt  that  there  are  other  machines  of 


higher  development,  there  is  no  machine 
designer  so  near  the  top  of  the  ladder 
at  present  that  he  has  any  occasion  to 
u  holler  for  more  ladder." 

From  the  time  of  the  birth  of  the  slide-rest  Long- 
lathe  it  has  been  customary  to  have  the  head  control 
stock  rigidly  affixed  to  or  a  part  of  the  bed, 
and  to  get  all  of  the  relative  motion  between 
work  and  tool  by  mounting  the  cutting  tool 
on  the  necessary  slides.  The  first  slide 
resting  on  the  lathe  bed  is  called  the  car- 
riage. To  the  saddle  of  this  carnage  there 
is  a  tool-carrying  slide  which  runs  trans- 
versely to  the  travel  of  the  carriage.  In 
addition  to  this,  it  is  frequently  the  practice 
to  add  a  swiveling  slide  for  traveling  at  any 
desired  angle,  which  has  been  called  the 
compound  rest.  More  than  one-third  of 
the  lathes  used  to-day  are  provided  with 
the  three  slides. 

A  glance  at  the  engine  lathe  carriage 
shows  it  to  be  of  frail  design.  The  guiding 
V's  of  the  bed,  on  which  it  rides  and  by 
which  it  is  controlled,  are  a  long  distance 


from  the  point  of  the  tool.  The  average 
carriage  has  four  bearings  on  the  shears. 
The  front  part  of  the  carriage  consists  of  a 
bridge  which  spans  the  distance  between 
Chouse  the  two  bearings  on  the  front  V.  In  the 
slide  slide  same  waY  tnere  ^  a  bridge  at  the  back  that 
connects  the  two  contacts  on  the  back  V. 
Now,  from  these  bridges  on  the  front  and 
back  V's  another  bridge  runs  across,  making 
the  whole  form  in  the  shape  of  an  H.  This 
may  seem  an  elementary  description  to  the 
average  lathe  hand,  but  the  object  will 
appear  later  on. 

There  are  other  types  of  carriage 
saddles.  The  H-shaped  are  most  reli- 
able for  very  light  cuts,  and  others, 
although  uncertain  in  action  in  all  cuts, 
are  generally  better  for  heavy  stock-reduc- 
ing operations. 

There  is  no  opportunity  to  make  either 
the  carriage  or  the  tool  mounted  thereon  of 
sufficient  rigidity  to  withstand  the  working 
strains,  nor  of  suitable  section  to  properly 
hold  their  gibbing,  which  of  course  serves 


as  a  means  of  holding  each  slide  to  the 
surface  on  which  it  travels. 

We  will  assume  that  the  bed  of  the  stand- 
ard engine  lathe  is  all  that  it  should  be. 
We  know  that  a  single  slide  can  be  stiffly  de- 
signed and  securely  gibbed  to  a  piece  having 
dimensions  similar  to  the  engine  lathe  bed  ; 
that  the  limitations  and  troubles  come  in 
when  it  is  necessary  to  cut  away  that  slide, 
giving  clearance  here  and  there  for  the 
swing  of  a  pulley  or  a  large  shaft  and  the 
addition  of  other  slides,  all  of  which  must 
come  within  certain  dimensions,  regardless 
of  the  effect  upon  the  stiffness. 

The  natural  process  of  reasoning  for  the 
reader  at  this  point  is  that  inasmuch  as 
attention  has  been  directed  to  these  weak- 
nesses, it  is  merely  for  the  purpose  of 
introducing  a  machine  in  which  these  weak- 
nesses do  not  exist.  There  is,  however, 
a  more  important  point  to  be  brought  to 
view.  It  is  that  the  engine  lathe,  with  this 
great  handicap,  is  the  very  machine  with 
which  we  have  obtained  our  experiences 


and  formed  our  opinions  regarding  the 
limitations  of  a  cutting  tool  and  the 
quality  of  work  obtainable  under  the 
various  cuts. 

IncSm«?       ^°  conception  of  the   performance  of  a 
notcom°  too^  under  heavy  cut  in  a  properly  propor- 

f  or  Indirect  ^oneci  machine  can  be  obtained  by  the 
design  performance  of  a  tool  in  the  engine  lathe 
large  enough  to  take  a  similar  cut.  The 
engine  lathe  takes  its  largest  cut  on  work 
about  one-third  of  its  swing,  and  instead  of 
the  tool  being  controlled  by  guiding  surfaces 
close  to  its  maximum  diameter  of  most 
efficient  work,  these  guiding  surfaces  are 
three  times  as  far  off  in  a  direct  line,  and 
many  times  farther  off  in  the  line  followed 
by  the  metal  supporting  the  tool. 

The  extent  of  vibration  of  the  tool  point 
of  lateral  yielding  is  governed,  of  course,  by 
the  stiffness  of  the  carriage  to  resist  the 
working  strains  at  that  point,  and  as  this 
stiffness  is  inversely  as  the  square  of  the 
distance  between  the  sliding  base  and  the 
cutting  tool  point,  it  becomes  apparent  that 


a  tool  working  at  this  handicap  may  be 
forced  to  crowd  off  the  metal,  but  while 
doing  so  the  cutting  edge  vibrates  laterally, 
making  it  necessary  to  use  only  blunt  tools, 
which  add  greatly  to  the  "  pulling-out-by- 
the-root  "  process  of  removing  the  metal, 
and  although  such  lathes  can  be  forced  to 
push  off  the  metal,  there  is  an  absence  of 
the  cutting  action  that  leaves  a  true  and 
smooth  surface.  Furthermore,  such  lathes 
are  very  susceptible  to  chatter  when  taking 
light  cuts  such  as  a  scraping  broad  tool, 
because  a  certain  amount  of  pressure  is  re- 
quired to  take  up  all  the  slack  of  their  parts 
and  the  spring  due  to  long-distance  control. 
This  is  not  a  case  where  the  doctors 
disagree.  Lathes  are  built,  by  people 
who  understand  the  work  thoroughly, 
but  they  are  built  to  supply  a  certain 
demand  that  calls  for  a  standard  lathe 
known  to  every  machinist,  and  it  is 
necessary  in  offering  these  lathes  for  sale 
to  give  swing  over  both  shears  and  car- 
riage, and  price. 


Udells  ^  is  apparent  that  the  machine  must  be 
'standard  made  to  swing>  sav>  l8  inches,  for  it  is 
the  custom  to  consider  these  dimensions  in 
considering  the  price.  They  are  therefore 
selling  dimensions  and  must  not  be  reduced. 
Just  as  dolls  are  sold  by  the  length,  and 
when  carried  home  will  be  found  to  lack  the 
proportions  of  the  real  baby,  just  so  lathes  are 
sold  by  dimensions  that  would  be  deceptive  if 
this  were  a  new  subject.  As  it  is,  the  machin- 
ist knows  that  he  must  have  an  1 8-inch  lathe 
to  do  lathe  work  on  a  5-inch  or  6-inch  shaft. 
Many  good  results  have  been  obtained 
in  special  forms  of  lathes  for  a  given  class 
of  work  that  we  are  now  to  take  as  object 
lessons,  and  which  may  serve  as  pointers 
to  indicate  the  direction  of  the  develop- 
ment in  machine  shop  evolution. 

Long-distance  control,  cob-house  design, 
gibs  and  gib  screws  without  tension,  except 
when  taking  working  strains,  any  one  or  all 
of  these  are  bad  conditions.  It  is  not 
enough  to  know  that  the  tool  mounting  is 
capable  of  withstanding  heaviest  cutting 


strains  without  breakage  or  even  perceptible 
quiver.     We  must  know  that  the  controlling 
carriages  are  short,  compact  and  unaffected 
by  strains  varying  from  light  to  heavy  cuts. 
A  tree  may  be  capable  of  withstanding  a   Breeze 
hurricane  and  yet  be  waved  by  a  light  breeze.   tSh 
A  child  can  deflect  a  wagon  spring.     Tool  S 
holders  and  carriages  are  nothing  more  nor 
less  than  springs  in  equilibrium  and  should 
be  of  the  shortest,  stiffest  possible  design. 

In  view  of  the  foregoing,  it  would  be  safe 
to  assume  that  the  correct  scheme  is  one 
that  gets  around  the  long-distance  control 
and  cob-house  construction  of  slide  on  slide. 
The  foregoing  is  offered  as  one  of  these 
propositions  no  deeper  to  solve  and  having 
no  more  indefinite  conclusion  than  the  two 
and  two  example  in  arithmetic  mentioned 
in  the  beginning.  It  is  needless  to  say 
that  a  machine  approaching  the  ideal  is 
fully  described  in  the  strictly  commercial 
part  of  this  book.  Each  feature  of  this 
machine  may  be  readily  understood. 


The  machine  set  forth  gives  a  control 
of  work  and  tool  that  greatly  reduces 
the  tendency  to  chatter,  and  thereby 
makes  possible  the  use  of  ideal  tools  for 
all  cuts.  Sharper  tools  with  plenty  of 
rake  for  cutting  the  metal  may  be  used,  also 
broader  tools  for  light  and  heavy  cuts  where 
chattering  has  been  the  limiting  element, 
stock  re-  We  are  fully  aware  that  it  is  useless  to 

ducing 

only  one-   make   a   machine    with    solely  large   stock- 
half  of  the  ' 
problem  reducing    qualities;    that    although    this    is 

almost  a  supreme  test,  yet  since  it  is  so 
general  to  consider  cost  of  metal  as  well  as 
labor,  the  average  work  requires  mostly 
accurate  turning  at  medium  chips,  and  the 
stock-reducing  feat  is  to  be  performed  only 
in  extreme  cases.  But  it  seems  to  be  clear 
that  accurate  work  requires  a  machine 
in  which  a  light  broad  cut  or  a  heavy  stock- 
removing  cut  can  be  taken  with  the  mini- 
mum chatter. 


The  boy        Chattering  is   caused  by  conditions  that 
cane   are  fundamentally  objectionable.     Every  boy 


46 


knows  that  he  can  make  a  cane  chatter 
along  the  sidewalk  by  pushing  it  ahead  at  a 
given  angle,  and  that  it  will  not  chatter 
when  dragged  at  same  or  any  other  angle. 

The  draw-cut  shaper  astonished  many  by 
its  wonderful  performances  of  great  stock- 
removing  feats,  and  although  this  may  not 
be  what  is  primarily  wanted  in  a  shaper, 
it  may  be  cited  as  an  example  of  the  per- 
formance of  a  cutting  tool  under  a  pulling 
cut  and  non-chattering  conditions. 

In  the  lathe,  planer,  standard  shaper  and 
boring  mill  there  seems  to  be  good  reason 
for  using  the  tool  mounting  that  is  equivalent 
to  the  chattering  cane.  The  expression, "cart 
before  the  horse,"  fits  the  case,  but  the  plow 
before  the  horse  would  be  a  better  analogy. 

In  order  to  offset  the  chattering  tendency   Chattering 

*      tendency 

in  machine  tools  of  thirty  years  ago,  a  spring  remains 
tool  was  used  for  finishing  cuts  which  re- 
quired a  tool  having  plenty  of  rake.  Under 
the  varying  strains  this  tool  would  yield 
in  opposite  direction  to  its  frail  mount- 
ing ;  that  is,  it  would  spring  away  from  the 


47 


work  under  an  increased  strain,  while  the 
slide  rests  had  a  tendency  to  tip  over  towards 
the  work,  which  would  otherwise  cause  the 
tool  to  "  duck  in."  The  yielding  of  the  tool 
would  offset  the  chattering  tendency. 

This  tendency  to  chatter  has  been  partly 
met  in  present-day  machines  by  making  all 
these  slides  of  stiffest  form  possible,  so  that 
it  is  no  longer  necessary  to  use  the  old- 
fashioned  spring  tool.  But  the  fact  remains, 
that  although  we  have  greatly  reduced  the 
chattering,  we  have  yet  the  plow  before 
the  horse  and  the  cane  ahead  of  the  boy ; 
that  is,  the  tendency  remains,  and  the 
conditions  exist  to  a  sufficient  extent  to 
necessitate  the  use  of  blunt  tools  for  heavy 
chips,  and  to  greatly  restrict  the  use  of  broad 
tools  for  forming,  taper  and  irregular  cuts. 

The  detailed  description  and  illustrations 
of  the  machine  described  clearly  bear 
evidence  of  a  more  perfect  control,  which  is 
the  result  of  a  very  low  swing,  and  an 
absence  of  long-distance  control  and  slide 
on  slide  tool  mounting. 


^ 

PR/  pr   TV 

Inasmuch  as  the  dimension^  bf  "wbrkaf- ° 
feet  the  design  of  machine^  that  is,  a  planer 
must  be  used  for  long  work,  while  th,e.$haper  is 

best  for  short  work,  from  here  on  we  will-limit 

•-.  .  • 

our  discussion  to  the  work  under  12  inches 
and  14  inches  in  diameter,  for  which  the  two 
machines  described  in  this  book  are  built. 

We  will  take  it  for  granted  that  the 
description  of  the  flat  turret  which  is 
mounted  on  our  tool  slide  or  carriage,  with 
all  its  schemes  of  accurate  gibbing  and 
accurate  presentation  of  six  different  tools 
at  the  will  of  the  operator,  is  all  clearly  set 
forth  and  accepted  as  the  best  known 
means  for  this  purpose,  and  we  will  pass  at 
once  to  the  consideration  of  the  mounting 
of  the  head  stock,  which  carries  the  work- 
holding  spindle.  Of  course,  any  effort  to 
control  the  tool  slide  would  be  futile  if 
we  were  to  mount  the  work  in  a  light 
spindle  or  in  a  long  overhanging  chuck. 
For  this  reason  it  has  been  necessary  to 
depart  from  the  usual  proportions  of  lathes. 


49 


PUon°of   ^or  mstance,  m  these  machines  the  swing 
spinswing   *s  onty  tnree  and  tnree  and  one-half  times 
the  diameter  of  the  spindle. 

The  mere  statement  of  these  proportions 
convinces  the  average  man  that  here  is 
something  unusual,  and  that  it  is  quite 
likely  that  a  machine  having  corresponding 
proportions  will  be  found  capable  of  taking 
its  heaviest  cut  at  its  maximum  swing,  and 
that  the  work  will  be  most  rigidly  held  by 
such  a  spindle.  The  details  of  the  con- 
struction are  clearly  set  forth  in  the  latter 
part  of  this  book ;  and  it  is  only  the  inten- 
tion here  to  consider  the  principles  involved 
in  the  adoption  of  this  scheme  of  work  and 
tool  control. 

stock^dth  In  order  to  get  away  from  the  cob-house 
trlvfi  scneme  of  design  of  slide  on  slide  for  the 
tool  carriage,  in  this  machine  we  mount  the 
head  stock  on  guideways  running  across 
the  machine.  In  this  scheme,  of  course, 
the  head  is  gibbecl  directly  to  the  bed,  and 
since  there  are  no  additional  slides  to  con- 
sider, it  is  possible,  the  same  as  in  the  case 


of  the  carriage,  to  adopt  an  ideal  system  of 
gibbing  and  the  stiffest  possible  design  of 
frame,  so  that  here  we  have  a  slide  of  any 
desirable  shape  gibbed  directly  to  the  bed. 

In  passing,  an  important  detail  in  con- 
struction, which  is  also  described  elsewhere, 
is  our  scheme  of  gibbing,  which  puts  the  gib 
and  its  thrust-taking  screws  under  severe 
tension,  even  when  adjusted  for  the  free 
movement  of  the  slide.  The  object  is  to 
see  that  all  of  the  spring  of  the  bolt  and 
gib  is  taken  up  before  the  strain  of  the  work 
comes  on  it,  and  although  this  is  only  a 
detail,  it  is  one  of  the  one  hundred  or  more 
points  on  which  the  success  of  a  machine 
of  this  kind  stands. 

The  conservative  man  frequently  asks  :  ™  °f 
How  is  it  possible  to  return  this  head  to  its 
central  position  ?  It  is  only  necessary  for 
us  to  call  attention  to  the  fact  that  for  years 
we  have  been  turning  the  turret  around  to 
six  different  positions  with  a  satisfactory 
accuracy,  under  conditions  more  difficult  to 
control  than  the  present  single  direct  slide  ; 


and  to  furthermore  state  that  we  not  only 
bring  this  cross  slide  with  accuracy  to  its 
central  position,  but  by  an  ideal  scheme  of 
stops  it  is  possible  to  bring  it  to  as  many 
other  positions  as  called  for  by  the  work 
with  the  same  nicety,  and  that  these  details 
are  elsewhere  described.  • 

Just  as  our  experience  with  the  cutting 
tool  in  the  engine  lathe  shapes  our  views 
of  its  endurance  and  capacity  for  doing  good 
work  under  heavy  cuts,  just  so  our  experi- 
ence with  former  types  of  special  machines 
comes  to  mind  whenever  a  machine  of  this 
kind  is  to  be  considered.  We  know  that  a 
special  machine  usually  requires  special 
tools,  and  although  this  is  not  apparently  a 
serious  objection,  owing  to  our  usual  hope- 
fulness that  there  will  be  no  immediate 
change  in  the  kind  of  work  we  are  to  do, 
yet  even  with  no  change  of  work  in  view, 
the  question  of  special  tools,  both  from  the 
side  of  expense  and  delay,  is  a  serious 
barrier  to  the  adoption  of  many  of  the 
special  lathes  that  are  now  offered,  and  it  is 


-%  ' 

no  uncommcji      perer^c^tcff|i(j  a  jri^ch^mj 
standing  two  of"  three  months  waiting  for   Long 

delays 

some  special  tools  for  a  given  piece  of  workt> 
and  frequently  a  very  slight  change: 
character  of  the  work  makes 
to  throw  away  or  set  aside  all  of  the 
tools  in  such  a  machine's  equipment. 
The  practical  man,  therefore,  is  ready 
to  admit  all  the  theorist  may  say  regard- 
ing firmness  of  control,  ideal  conditions 
of  slides  and  anti-cob-house  construction, 
but  he  will  say  :  "  Deliver  me  from 
the  toils  of  such  a  tempter  ;  I  have 
not  lived  to  this  point  in  vain,  and  I 
cannot  forget  my  experience  with  special 
machines." 

The  machine  described  on  pages  following 
page  69  is  provided  with  an  equipment  of 
standard  tools  which  it  holds  under  absolute 
control,  conveniently  and  quickly  adjusted, 
and  it  puts  an  end  to  the  foreman's  difficulties 
in  getting  out  the  class  of  work  coming  with- 
in its  range,  regardless  of  any  changes  that 
may  be  made  in  the  design  or  the  number  of 


pieces  to  be  made  ;  and  it  is  safely  described 
"any"   as  the   "any  "  machine  ;  that  is,  it   is  ready 

machine 

any  hour  of  any  day  to  make  any  piece  of  any 
shape  and  any  quantity  coming  within  its 
working  dimensions,  with  an  accuracy  and 
efficiency  never  before  attained.  This  adapt- 
ability to  all  conditions  not  only  gives  a  ready 
relief  for  the  troubles  of  to-day  but  it  also 
makes  progressive  designing  possible. 

Many  important  improvements  in  your 
product  can  be  made  without  delay  or 
expense  if  your  machines  are  truly  ready 
for  turning  every  conceivable  piece. 

The  description  of  the  details  of  the 
machine  which  follows  renders  it  possible 
to  understand  the  various  features  of  the  ma- 
chine. If  it  has  been  made  clear  that  this 
machine  indicates  the  direction  in  which  the 
evolution  of  the  lathe  is  traveling,  there  is  no 
one,  from  the  proprietor  to  the  machinist,  who 
can  afford  to  be  indifferent  to  the  subject. 

It  is  not  safe  for  us  to  disregard  impor- 
tant pointers  of  this  character;  and  there 


can  be  little  profit  or  benefit  accruing  to 
any  one  knowing  these  facts  who  fails  to 
act  accordingly.  The  foreman  should  stren-  success 

depends 

uously  advocate  what  he  knows  to  be  true. 
The  superintendent's  reputation  suffers  if 
he  does  not  advise  on  correct  lines,  and  the 
proprietor's  profits,  to  say  nothing  about  the 
depreciation  of  his  permanent  investment, 
will  seriously  suffer  if  he  continues  to  use 
inferior  machines.  It  is  not  enough  to 
know  that  machines  in  operation  were  built 
yesterday ;  it  must  be  known  that  they  are 
of  the  correct  type,  for  with  so  many  ma- 
chines offered  for  a  given  class  of  work, 
each  machine  cannot  be  the  best ;  some  one 
is  better  than  all  the  others.  Many  compa- 
nies may  be  wrecked  in  the  future  by 
conditions  outside  of  their  control,  but  we 
know  that  the  companies  that  will  survive 
will  be  only  those  that  take  advantage  of 
cost-reducing  methods,  and  that  others, 
instead  of  being  a  source  of  income  to  the 
proprietors,  will  become  white  elephants,  pos- 
itive burdens  that  no  one  can  afford  to  own. 


It  is  not  within  the  scope  of  this  chapter 
to  answer  all  of  the  questions  that  will  come 
to  the  mind  of  the  man  who  has  given  this 
matter  much  serious  thought  and  has  heard 
claims  for  the  old  type  reiterated.  Each 
important  point  will  be  fully  treated  in  the 
most  fitting  place.  The  foregoing  pages 
present  only  a  few  of  the  many  indications 
of  direction  of  the  evolution  of  the  machine 
shop.  A  few  more  pointers  will  be  found 
throughout  the  entire  book,  including  that 
portion  devoted  to  the  commercial  descrip- 
tion of  the  machine.  Therefore,  you  are 
urged  to  read  all  of  the  following  pages. 


5'' 


DIAGRAMS    ILLUSTRATING    CUT- 
TING   ACTION 

THE  cutting  strain  should  be  only  in 
line  with  dotted  line  A  to  A  in  diagram 
on  following  page,  which  would  keep  a 
continuous  strain  on  the  cob-house,  holding 
it  away  from  the  work,  thus  taking  up  all 
the  slack  and  spring  in  one  direction. 

But  the  real  facts  of  the  case  are  that  the 
tool  must  be  very  blunt  and  very  unlike  the 
tool  shown  in  order  to  maintain  a  constant 
thrust.  On  steel  work  of  small  diameter  the 
tool  may  be  set  a  trifle  above  the  center  to 
maintain  a  constant  backward  thrust.  The 
most  trouble  is  experienced  in  working  brass 
and  other  soft  compositions.  For  such  work 
it  is  very  common  to  find  tools  without  top 
rake.  The  edge-destroying  motion  is  in 
line  with  dotted  line  B—B  which  is  an  arc 
struck  from  center  of  base  at  C. 

Experience  has  demonstrated  that  the  tool 
shown  by  Fig.  i  is  the  most  effective  in 
many  lathes.  The  reason  is  that  although 


57 


C"' 

Exaggerated  Cases  of  Cob-house  Construction,  Slide  upon  Slide 

58 


there  is  a  cutting  strain  of  the  chip  in  direc- 
tion of  arrow  marked  A,  there  is  at  the  same 
time  a  lateral  vibration  (while  under  the  cut- 


Fig,    i.     A  Common   Form   of   Tool,  Showing  almost  Level 
Top,  a  Tool  with  very  Little  Rake 


Fig.    2.      An    Exaggerated    Case    of    a    Tool,    showing    the 

Sharpening  Action  of  a  Chip,  proving  that  the  Tool  should 

he  Ground  on  the  Angle  Indicated  by  Dotted  Line 


ting  strain)  in  the  direction  of  arrow  B. 
This  edge-destroying  vibration  is  what  has 
made  it  necessary  to  give  the  edge  a 
strength  or  backing  to  meet  this  strain. 

The  hollow  shown  in  Fig.  2  was  worn  in 
the  tool  by  the  chip  because  some  condition 
prevented  the  vibration,  which  usually  de- 
stroys the  edge  first. 


Fig.  3.     Ideal  Form  of  Cutting   Edge   for  an    Ideal    Machine 

The  dotted  line  indicating  the  line  of 
thrust  of  cutting  is  in  line  with  the  tool's 
greatest  strength. 

60 


AXE 


WOOD 


Fig.  4 

Stock  removing  is  accomplished  by  a 
splitting  action  and  finishing  surface  is 
produced  by  a  scraping  action  of  the  tool. 

The  axe  shown  in  Fig.  4,  and  the  cutting 
tool  in  Fig.  5,  are  shown  with  cutting  edge 
not  in  contact  with  the  metal.  Although 
these  are  exaggerated  diagrams  they  tell  a 
true  story,  as  shown  by  Fig.  2. 

In  Fig.  5  we  have  another  action  which 
leaves  a  fair  surface.  This  is  the  regular 
tool  used  so  many  years  in  the  Flat  Turret 


Lathe  with  such  satisfactory  results.  The 
chip  is  split  from  the  face  of  the  shoulder 
and  is  sheared  off  from  the  surface  which  is 
left  on  the  finished  diameter.  This  action 
of  shearing  is  better  than  that  of  the  average 
tool  in  other  machines,  for  there  is  no 


WORK 


TOOL 


62 


pulling-out-by-the-root  appearance  to  the  fin- 
ished surface.  Furthermore,  this  tool  is 
usually  followed  by  the  back  rest,  which 
burnishes  the  finished  surface. 

The  shoulder  from  which  the  splitting 
cut  is  taken  is  rough  until  the  tool  is 
allowed  to  take  a  slight  scraping  cut  after 
desired  length  has  been  turned. 

The  preferred  form  of  tool  for  finishing 
is  one  which  takes  a  diagonal  scraping  cut, 
as  the  cutter  in  Fig.  6  would  take  if  it  were 
ground  like  Fig.  7 ;  that  is,  with  rounded 
corner.  The  diagonal  scraping  cut  is  the 
kind  taken  by  a  spiral  milling  cutter.  The 


diagram,  P'ig.  6,  shows  the  ideal  tool  remov- 
ing heavy  part  of  chip  by  the  splitting  action 
at  A  and  finishing  with  a  diagonal  scraping 
cut  at  D, 


WIDTH    OF    FEED 
CDE 

'FINISHED 


TOOL 


SECTION 
OF  CHIP 


DIRECTION 
OF    FEED 


Fig.  7  gives  top  view  of  tool  for  chucking 
and  other  operations  in  which  no  back 
rests  or  other  steadying  means  are  employed. 
The  chip  from  A  to  B  is  removed  by 
splitting  action :  from  B  to  C  the  cut 
becomes  lighter  and  the  angle  of  the  tool 
becomes  diagonal  to  the  motion  of  the  work. 


64 


THE 

HARTNESS    FLAT  TURRET   LATHE 

AND    EQl  IPMENT,    PROTECTED     BY     TWENTV  ONE 

GOLD     MEDAL     RECEIVED     AT    ST.    LOUIS     IN    1904 

SILVER     MEDAL    WAS    ISSUED    TO    THE     INVENTOR 
BOTH    AWARDS    WERE    THE    HIGHEST    OBTAINABLE 

COLUMBIA   EXPOSITION    IS   1«93  ISSUED  AN  AWARD 
FOR    SUPERIOR    DESIGN 

w.  D.  WOOLSON,  TV,.,.,,, 
J.    W     BENNETT,    S,,r,/.,, 

JONES     &      LAMSON      MACHINE     COMPANY 

SPRINGFIELD,     VliRMONT,     U.    S.    A. 
J*d    97    QUEEN    VICTORIA    STREET,    LONDON,    ENGLAND 

M     KOYEMANN.    C.V.L-II.CI.IIU.    (f~  G,r.^.   S,,iarl.,J.   H*U*,<,   >,&,*,   A.^./fa.^,) 
CHAKLOTTEN    STRASSE,    DUSSELDORF.    GERMANY 

Copyright  11/15  by  the 

Jones  &  Lamson  Machine  Company 

Springfield,  Vermont,  U.  S.  A. 


THE  HOME  OF  THE   FLAT  TURRET 
LATHE 

HE  frontispiece  of  this  section 
gives  a  Summer  and  a  Winter 
view  of  Springfield, Vermont,  the 
home  of  the  Flat  Turret  Lathe. 
In  the  foreground  may  be  seen  the 
buildings  of  the  Jones  &  Lamson  Machine- 
Company,  in  which  all  of  the  Flat  Turret 
Lathes  now  running  in  this  country  were 
built. 

In  the  lower  corner,  with  a  snow  bank 
for  a  background,  is  shown  the  present 
form  of  Plat  Turret  Lathe,  to  which  the 
following  pages  are  devoted. 

The  P'lat  Turret  Lathe  was  the  first  ma- 
chine for  rapidly  doing  general  lathe  work 


and  the  first  machine  for  accurately  turning 
long,  slender  work  without  use  of  centers. 
Before  its  introduction  there  was  no  means 
for  rapidly  and  accurately  turning  bar  work 
having  a  length  over  ten  or  more  times  its 
diameter. 

The  working  length  of  the  original  Flat 
Turret  Lathe  was  24  inches,  and  although 
this  was  a  desirable  feature,  the  strongest 
point  in  making  friends  was  its  simplicity 
and  convenience  of  design,  which  made  it 
possible  to  quickly  adjust  it  for  any  kind  of 
work  within  its  limits,  its  product  being 
true  beyond  the  average  product  of  the 
engine  lathe  and  in  quantity  from  three  to 
ten  times  as  great. 

Since  1891  we  have  developed  with  care 
each  feature  of  this  machine  and  now  illus- 
trate its  present  form,  which  has  already 
met  with  even  greater  favor  than  anticipated. 


FIFTY    YEARS'   PROGRESS 

HE  evolution  of  the  Turret  Lathe 
has  been  the  result  of  work  of 
many  men  and  many  compa- 
nies, but  this  Company  has  made 
some  of  the  important  improvements.  The 
principal  steps  of  our  fifty  years'  work  are 
illustrated  on  the  following  page  and  may 
be  summarized  as  follows  : 

1855 — We  made  the  first  turret  machine 
known  to  us,  having  mechanism  for  auto- 
matically turning  the  turret. 

1858 — We  produced  the  present  form  of 
high  turret  with  the  turret-turning  mechanism 
the  same  as  the  one  now  in  universal  use. 


1870 — One  of  the  links  in  the  chain  of 
evolution,  showing  an  automatic  chuck. 

1882 — The  first  clutch  back-geared  ma- 
chine. 

1886— The   same    in    more    symmetrical 
form. 

1891  — The  first  Flat  Turret  Lathe. 

1904 — The  first  Flat  Turret  Lathe  with 
cross  sliding  head. 


INTRODUCTORY 

VER  since  the  introduction  of 
the  Flat  Turret  Lathe  in  1891,  it 
has  had  a  steadily  increasing  sale 
and  a  corresponding  develop- 
ment. The  noticeable  change  in  appearance, 
as  now  shown,  is  chiefly  due  to  the  new 
form  of  bed  and  the  new  cross  sliding 
head.  It  is  the  same  old  machine  taking 
on  an  outward  shape  that  conforms  to  the 
growth  and  development  of  the  internal 
mechanism. 

For  many  years  our  entire  plant  has  been 
exclusively  devoted  to  the  manufacture  of 
the  Flat  Turret  Lathe  and  its  equipment 
of  tools,  and  we  have  enjoyed  the  reputation 
of  being  the  only  machine  tool  builders 
making  only  one  machine,  and  that  in  only 
one  size.  During  these  years  we  have  de- 
veloped several  modified  forms  of  this  type 
of  machine.  Many  of  these  have  long  been 
running  on  our  own  work.  The  present 
machine  embodies  the  desirable  features 
which  have  been  thoroughly  tested  and 


74 


developed  in  these  various  machines,  com- 
bined with  the  standard  features  of  the  now 
celebrated  Flat  Turret  Lathe. 

We   now  offer  the  machine  in  two  sizes 
for  .both  bar  and  chucking  work. 


OUR    METHOD    OF    SELLING 

E  sell  only  to  the  user,  and 
have  no  other  agents  or  offices 
than  those  given  on  page  67  for 
the  various  countries  named. 
In  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain 
we  have  our  own  traveling  representatives 
whose  time  is  wholly  devoted  to  the  Flat 
Turret  Lathe. 

A  personal  inspection  of  your  work  by  a 
specialist  thoroughly  versed  in  this  branch 
of  lathe  work  may  be  had  within  one  or  two 
days  by  wiring  us,  provided  your  plant 
is  located  in  the  British  Isles  or  in  the 
manufacturing  States  bordering  on  or  east 
of  the  Mississippi  and  north  of  North  Caro- 
lina and  Tennessee. 

Since  we  have  our  own  representatives 
in  this  field,  you  are  placed  under  no  obli- 
gations to  us  by  making  a  request  for  such 
an  inspection  and  report  or  proposition. 

There  can  be  no  uncertainty  about  price, 
for  we  quote  a  fixed  price  only,  and  any  one 
may  know  our  prices. 


We  make  free  delivery  to  nearly  all 
points,  and  send  without  charge  an  operator 
to  instruct  your  workman  in  the  use  of  the 
machine,  thus  relieving  you  of  all  responsi- 
bility, except  that  you  agree  to  accept  and 
pay  for  the  machine  and  equipment  if  we 
fulfill  our  guarantee. 

The  Flat  Turret  Lathe  is  made  by  no 
other  maker  in  America.  There  are  over 
3000  now  running;  therefore,  there  is  no 
uncertainty  about  this  being  the  machine. 
It  is  either  called  the  Hartness  Flat  Turret 
or  the  Jones  &  Lamson  Flat  Turret,  but  it 
is  always  the  "  Flat  Turret."  The  present 
machine  is  protected  by  many  American, 
British  and  German  patents. 

JONES    &    LAMSON   MACHINE  COMPANY 

SPRINGFIELD,    VERMONT,    U.    S.   A. 
97    QUEEN    VICTORIA    ST.,    LONDON,    ENGLAND 


DESCRIPTION 

HE  Flat  Turret  Lathe,  like  all 
other  lathes,  consists  of  the 
three  important  parts:  (i)  The 
head  stock,  having  the  work- 
holding  spindle,  the  pulley  for  receiving  the 
power  for  driving  spindle  and  the  necessary 
intermediate  gears  for  obtaining  requisite 
reduction  and  variations  of  speed  of  spindle  ; 
(2)  the  tool-holding  carriage ;  and  (3)  a 
frame  or  bed  with  guide  ways  for  carriage. 

It  differs  from  all  other  lathes  and  turret 
lathes  in  the  construction  of  these  parts  as 
follows : 

FIRST — The  head  stock  is  mounted  on 
guideways  running  across  the  machine  in- 
stead of  being  affixed  to  the  bed.  It  con- 
tains the  necessary  gears  and  clutches 
for  producing  all  the  changes  of  speed. 

SECOND — The  carriage  carries  a  flat 
circular  plate-shaped  tool  holder,  from  which 
the  lathe  takes  its  name  of  Flat  Turret. 


THIRD — The  frame  or  bed  is  one  single 
casting  formed  with  guideways  which  run 
lengthwise  for  the  carriage  and  crosswise 
for  the  head  stock.  The  lower  part  of  the 
bed  casting  serves  as  a  receptacle  for  chips 
and  oil. 

The  reasons  for  departing  from  the  well- 
established  form  of  lathe  have  been  set 
forth  in  the  chapter  on  Evolution.  The 
advantages  will  be  readily  understood  after 
glancing  at  the  following  pages,  which  show 
the  working  range  and  details  of  construc- 
tion, the  whole  combination  resulting  in  a 
machine  that  is  always  in  absolute  readiness 
any  hour  of  any  day  to  make  any  piece  of 
work  of  any  shape  quickly  and  accurately 
and  to  turn  out  work  in  lots  of  from  two  or 
three  to  a  thousand  pieces  of  a  kind  with 
turret  lathe  speed  and  accuracy  of  a  well- 
handled  engine  lathe. 

Turret  lathe  efficiency  and  engine  lathe 
accuracy  are  our  best  terms,  but  to  one  who 
has  carefully  considered  this  subject  these 
terms  are  unsatisfactory. 


79 


Front  View  of  the  2  x  24-inch  Hartness  Flat  Turret  Lathe  with 
Cross  Sliding  Head,  Equipped  for  Bar  Work 

THE  Hartness  Flat  Turret  Lathe  with 
cross  sliding  head  is  made  in  two  sizes, 
and  may  be  furnished  with  an  equipment  of 
tools  for  either  bar  work  or  chuck  work,  or 
a  double  equipment  for  both  bar  and  chuck 
work. 

The  smaller  machine  (above  shown)  is 
called  the  2x24,  and  when  equipped  with 
the  automatic  die  outfit  of  tools  it  turns  out 
the  same  work  as  the  original  2  x  24,  ex- 


cepting  that  the  hole  through  the  spindle  is 
now  made  2|4  inches  instead  of  2^  inches. 
For  various  details  of  working  range  and 
outfit  for  bar  work,  see  pages  84  to  93. 

Itemized  outfit,  pages  190  to  193. 

This  machine,  equipped  for  chuck  work, 
is  described  on  pages  88  to  93.  See  also 
pages  132  to  189. 

The  machine  may  be  ordered  with  either 
the  chucking  or  bar  outfit,  and  supplied 
later  with  the  other  outfit,  if  for  any  reason 
the  machine  should  be  changed  from  bar  to 
chuck  work,  or  vice  versa.  Since  the  chuck- 
ing outfit  is  comparatively  inexpensive,  it  is 
frequently  ordered  with  the  bar  outfit  of 
one  or  more  machines  of  a  lot,  so  that  at 
least  one  machine  may  be  used  on  short 
notice  for  chuck  work. 


Front  of  3  x  36-inch  Flat  Turret  Lathe  with  Cross  Sliding 
Head,  Equipped  for  Bar  Work 

THE  machine  shown  above,  and  on  op- 
posite page,  is  the  3  x  36-inch  size.  It 
is  shown  in  these  three  views  arranged  to 
handle  full  bars  of  stock  up  to  3  inches  in 
diameter,  turning  pieces  up  to  36  inches  in 
length  of  the  class  of  work  shown  on  the 
following  pages.  It  may  also  be  equipped 
for  chuck  work  up  to  14  inches  in  diameter, 
and  is  illustrated  and  described  as  a  chuck- 
ing machine  on  pages  132  to  189. 

Itemized  outfits  on  pages  194  to  197. 

This  machine  may  be  ordered  with  either 
the  chucking  or  bar-working  outfit  of  tools, 


Back    of    3  x  36-inch    Flat    Turret    Lathe  with   Cross    Sliding 
Head,  Equipped  for  Bar  Work 


3  x  36-inch  Lathe  with  Motor  Drive.      It  may  be  driven  from 
countershaft  overhead  if  desired 


and  supplied  later  with  the  other  outfit. 
Since  the  chucking  outfit  is  comparatively 
inexpensive  it  should  be  ordered  with  the 
bar. 

WORKING  RANGE 

THE  work  shown  on  this  page  and  on 
page    86    is    the  product    of  the   Flat 
Turret  Lathe  with  the  automatic  die   outfit 
(outfit  I)). 


In  the  2x24  machine  this  outfit  turns  all 
diameters  up  to  2^  inches,  and  all  lengths 
up  to  24  inches,  and  cuts  all  U.  S.  standard 
screws  from  3/%  to  \l/£  inches,  inclusive, 
by  sixteenths.  (Whitworth,  Metric  or  V 
standard  furnished  if  desired.) 


84 


Items  of  outfits  on  pages  190  to  193. 

The  same  kind  of  work  is  turned  out  by 
the  3x36  with  automatic  die  outfit,  which 
turns  diameters  from  3  inches  down,  and 
lengths  up  to  36  inches,  and  cuts  screw 
threads  from  i  to  2  inches,  inclusive,  U.  S. 
standard.  (Whitworth,  Metric  or  V  standard 
furnished  if  desired.) 

Items  of  outfits  on  pages  198  to  201. 

SPECIAL  EQUIPMENT 
In  addition  to  the  outfit  D,  the  2-inch  die 
may  be  furnished  for  the   2  x  24,  and  the 
3-inch  die  for  the  3  x  36  machine. 

The  2  x  24  machine  is  also  made  for 
turning  42  inches  in  length. 


Bar  Work.     Samples  of  pieces  made  from  the  bar 


Bar  Work.     Samples  of  pieces  made  from  the  bar 


MULTI-STOP  AND  DOUBLE  TURNERS 

FIG.  i  illustrates  the  advantage  of  the 
double  stop  for  each  position  of  the 
turret,  and  the  double  adjustment  of  each 
turner.  This  piece  has  six  finished  diam- 
eters and  six  shoulders,  and  is  turned 
by  only  three  turners,  which  occupy  only 
three  positions  on  the  turret.  This  not 
only  leaves  the  remaining  positions  free 


for  other  tools,  but  it  saves  the  operator  the 
time  and  energy  required  to  run  the  turret 
slide  back  each  time. 

All  this  is  obtained  without  complication, 
and  without  introducing  any  features  that 
are  annoying  when  not  in  use. 

In  addition  to  the  double  stop  for  each  of 
the  six  positions  of  the  turret,  we  have  an 
extra  stop,  consisting  of  a  pin  which  may 


be  dropped  into  any  one  of  the  six  holes  at 
the  rear  of  turret  slide.  This  makes  it 
possible  to  borrow  five  extra  stops  for  any 
one  of  the  tools,  and  gives  to  this  tool  seven 
length  or  shoulder  stops,  and  leaves  one 
stop  for  each  of  the  remaining  tools. 

The  illustrations,  Figs.  2  and  3,  give 
examples  of  what  one  tool  can  do  in  this 
machine  on  chuck  work,  when  we  take 
advantage  of  the  seven  length  stops  and  the 
seven  shoulder  stops  of  the  cross-feed 
head. 

Of  course,  in  general  practice  three  or 
four  stops  for  one  tool  is  all  that  will  be 
needed,  but  since  the  modern  cutting  steels 
have  greater  durability,  there  is  nothing  lost 
by  giving  each  tool  all  the  work  it  can  do. 

Outer  face  and  all  shoulders  and  diame- 
ters may  be  accurately  finished  to  independ- 
ent stops  by  one  tool.  When  roughing  and 
finishing  cuts  are  required,  the  roughing 
tool  can  be  set  near  enough  to  use  the  same 
stops  that  are  accurately  set  for  the  finishing 
tool.  When  an  extra  tool  is  used  to  give  a 


roughing  cut  it  is  set  as  indicated  by  dotted 
lines  in  Figs.  2  and  3. 

We  find  it  difficult  to  illustrate  all  of  the 
classes  of  work  that  can  be  turned  out  by 
this  machine,  but  a  little  thought  will 
suggest  many  forms  that  may  be  readily 
handled  in  bar  and  chucking  work,  both 
steel  and  cast-iron,  on  account  of  the  many 
provisions  for  bringing  both  turret  and  cross 
slide  up  to  fixed  stops,  either  by  power  feed 
or  by  hand. 


BARTLETT  *  CO.,   N.Y. 


Q 

hfi   rA 


1= 


93 


Front  and  Back  Views  of  Turret  with  Tools  for  Kar  Outfit 


TURRET    DESCRIPTION 

THE  turret  is  a  flat  circular  plate  ;  it  is 
mounted  on  a  low  carriage  containing 
controlling  mechanism.  The  connections 
of  the  turret  to  the  carriage,  and  the 
carriage  to  the  lathe  bed,  are  the  most 
direct  and  rigid,  affording  absolute  control 
of  the  cutting  tools.  The  turret  is  accurately 
surfaced  to  its  seat  on  the  carriage  by  scrap- 
ing, and  securely  held  down  on  that  seat  by 
an  annular  gib.  In  the  same  manner  the 
carriage  is  fitted  to  the  V's  of  the  bed  ;  the 
gibs  pass  under  the  outside  edge  of  the  bed. 
The  index  pin  is  located  directly  under 
the  working  tool,  and  so  close  to  it  that 
there  can  be  no  lost  motion  between  the 
tool  and  the  locking  pin.  The  turret  is 
turned  automatically  to  each  position  the 
instant  the  tool  clears  the  work  on  its  back- 
ward travel,  and  it  is  so  arranged  that  by 
raising  and  lowering  trip  screws  near  the 
center  of  the  turret,  it  may  be  turned  to 
three,  four  or  five  of  the  six  places  without 
making  any  other  stops. 


A  simple,  accurate  stop  mechanism  for 
the  turret  slide  provides  twelve  independ- 
ently adjustable  stops,  two  for  each  of  the 
six  positions  of  the  turret,  or  any  other 
division  required  by  the  operator.  These 
stops  connect  with  the  twelve  flat  stop 
bars  clamped  side  by  side  in  the  groove 
in  top  of  the  bed.  For  more  detailed 
description  see  page  222  on  operating  in- 
structions. 

TY&  feeding  mechanism  for  the  turret  slide 
and  the  cross-feeding  head  receives  its 
power  through  a  speed-varying  device  which 
is  under  the  convenient  control  of  the  hand 
wheel  at  head  end  of  bed.  One  revolution  of 
this  wheel  gives  the  full  range  of  feeds,  from 
drilling  feed  of  120  per  inch  to  coarse 
turning  feed  of  10  per  inch,  and  every 
intermediate  speed. 

A  spring  tore  weighing  device  on  the 
feed  rod  gives  the  pulling  power  of  this 
feed  mechanism  a  known  value.  This 
device  yields  at  a  certain  predetermined 
pressure. 


In  operation ; the  fraf|i(igp  p  jfe 
until  it  reaches  one  of  the  stops,  against 
which  it  is  held  by  this  pressure  till  dis- 
engaged  by  the  operator.-: -Arresting O 
feed  without  releasing  the  carriage  .give-s-fhe 
tool  a  chance  to  accurately  face  the 
shoulder,  leaving  a  smooth  surface  instead 
of  the  ragged  face  left  when  carriage  is 
released  under  full  cut. 

It  has  been  the  practice  heretofore  to 
arrange  the  positive  stop  a  thirty-second  of 
an  inch  beyond  the  knock-off  for  the  feed, 
and  in  the  usual  operation  of  a  machine  of 
this  kind  the  feed  knocks  off,  and  then  the 
turret  slide,  released,  jumps  back,  and  the 
tool  digs  in,  cutting  a  slight  groove  just 
back  of  the  shoulder.  When  on  work  re- 
quiring exact  shoulder  distances  or  smoothly- 
finished  shoulders,  the  operator  brings  the 
slide  against  the  positive  stop,  holding  it 
there  with  as  nearly  as  possible  uniform 
pressure  until  the  turner  has  surely  faced 
its  full  length.  In  the  present  machine  the 
turret  is  always  fed  against  the  positive  stop 


and  held  there  with  a  uniform  pressure, 
insuring  the  most  accurate  results  for 
shoulder  length. 

The  feed  reversing  for  turret  slide  is 
effected  by  use  of  a  worm  with  right  and  left- 
hand  threads,  either  of  which  may  be  en- 
gaged at  will. 

CROSS-SLIDING    HEAD 

THE  distinctive  feature  of  the  original 
Flat  Turret  Lathe  was  the  fiat,  plate- 
shaped  tool  holder  from  which  the  lathe  took 
its  name.  The  original  work-holding  head 
stock  possessed  many  distinctive  features, 
such  as  the  automatic  chuck  and  roller  feed, 
but  it  contained  the  now  nearly  obsolete  cone 
pulley  drive  and  back  gear  scheme.  In  the 
present  machine  we  have  combined  an  ideal 
scheme  of  speed  regulation  with  many 
other  desirable  features. 

The  cross-feeding  feature  of  the  head 
grew  out  of  our  desire  to  get  the  best  form 
of  self-contained  speed  variator.  After  try- 
ing several  combinations  and  positions,  we 


found  it  best  to  arrange  all  the  shafting  and 
gearing  in  a  horizontal  plane,  so  that  the 
lower  half  of  these  running  parts  could  be 
submerged  in  oil  to  insure  perfect  lubrication. 
This  determined  the  adoption  of  a 
shallow,  pan-shaped  frame  for  the  head  stock, 
into  which  were  placed  all  the  clutches  and 


Main  Spindle  with  Automatic  Chuck  and  Roller  Feed  for  Bar 
Workj  and  Showing  Main  Bearing 


bearings,  including  main  spindle  bearings. 
The  natural  form  of  bed  for  holding  this 
head  stock  made  the  way  open  to  give  the 
head  stock  a  cross  travel,  which  we  had  long 
realized  was  a  most  desirable  feature. 

A  most  fortunate    combination   was   the 
result.     We  not  only  obtained  a  most  com- 


pact  and  symmetrical  machine,  but  in  one 
machine  we  succeeded  in  getting  practically 
all  of  the  features  made  desirable  by 
present-day  conditions. 

The  sliding  head  stock  is  securely  gibbed 
to  guideways  running  across  the  machine, 
thus  giving  the  work-carrying  spindle  a 
cross  feed  relative  to  the  turret,  or,  in  other 
words,  providing  a  cross  feed  for  each  tool. 

The  value  of  this  feature  is  not  only  for 
chuck  work,  but  for  many  other  kinds  of  work. 

The  single  drive  receives  power  at  a 
constant  speed  and  in  one  direction,  and  all 
of  the  changes  for  variation  and  direction 
of  speed  are  obtained  by  clutches  and  gears 
between  the  power-receiving  shaft  and  the 
spindle. 

Since  the  pulley  receiving  the  power  is 
driven  at  a  constant  speed,  it  may  be  belted 
to  countershaft  above  or  to  a  constant-speed 
electric  motor  on  the  floor  at  the  head  of 
the  machine.  The  motor  requires  only 
our  compensating  base  to  maintain  even 
tension  of  the  belt.  No  controller  is  nee- 


Cross-feeding  Head,  showing  the  Rotary  Sto 
Containing  Ten  Stops 


p  Holder 


essary,  only  a  starting  box,  and  since  we  do 
not  vary  the  motor  speed,  it  is  not  necessary 
to  provide  a  motor  four  times  the  nominal 
size  to  compensate  for  loss  of  power  due  to 
reduced  speed.  Since  we  use  belt  connec- 
tion, any  kind  of  motor  may  be  used,  thus 
avoiding  the  delay  incident  to  getting  a 
given  type  of  motor. 

The  new  high-speed  steels  tax  the  running 
bearings  of  a  machine  to  their  limit,  and  to 
meet  this  we  have  used  bronze  bearings  for 
the  driving  shafts,  and  all  of  these  bearings 
get  a  continual  shower  of  oil  when  running, 
for  they  are  enclosed  in  the  chamber  formed 
by  the  shallow,  pan-shaped  head  stock  and 
its  lid. 

The  cross-sliding  head  is  provided  with 
ten  stops  carried  in  a  revolving  holder, 
which  is  turned  at  will  by  the  operator. 


Sliding  Head  Stock  with  and  without  Cover.     Pulley  shaft  is 
driven  at  constant  speed  and  in  one  direction  only.      All 
changes    of  speed   effected    by   two    lower    levers   at 
right-hand  side,  the  reversing  by  lever  at  left-hand 
side,  to  which  shipper  bar  is  attached.     The 
upper  lever  at  right  actuates  the  auto- 
matic chuck   and   roller  feed 


AUTOMATIC    CHUCK 

(PATENTED) 


THE  automatic  chuck   and   roller  feed 
handle  the  rough  bars  of  round,  square, 
octagon,  hexagon  and  flat  stock,  presenting 
a    new    length    and    gripping    it    while  the 
machine  is  running. 

The  automatic  chuck  is  one  of  the  essential 
features  of  the  machine  in  its  equipment  for 
turning  work  from  full  lengths  of  bars.  Its 
strong  and  unyielding  grip  gives  a  rigid 
presentation  of  the  work,  which  is  of  para- 
mount importance. 


The  jaws  are  of  unbreakable  form  and 
may  be  readily  made  for  any  size  or  shape 
of  material  within  the  spindle's  capacity. 

All  sizes,  from  2//2-inch  down  to  ^-inch 
in  the  2  x  24  machine,  and  from  3-inch 
down  to  i -inch  in  the  3  x  36  machine,  and 
any  of  the  above-mentioned  shapes,  may  be 
held  by  the  jaws  furnished  in  automatic  die 
outfits  of  tools. 

Special  attention  is  called  to  the  superior 
construction  of  this  chuck  for  handling 
rough  bars  of  stock. 

This  chuck  is  used  in  connection  with 
the  roller  feed,  which  is  described  on  the 
next  two  pages. 


ROLLER    FEED 


STOCK-FEEDING  devices  come  and  go, 
but  this,  the  original  revolving  roller  feed, 
seems  destined  to  stay.  Each  year  some- 
thing new  is  tried,  only  to  be  found  unsatis- 
factory. As  the  matter  stands  now,  there 
seems  to  be  no  other  suitable  power  roller 
feed  obtainable. 


Roller  Feed 


Roller  Feed 

The  roller  feed  pushes  the  bar  through 
the  spindle  and  chuck  till  the  end  strikes 
the  stock  stop  on  carriage  ;  then  the  rolls 
slip  till  the  chuck  is  closed.  It  is  started 
into  action  by  the  same  lever  and  motion 
that  opens  the  chuck.  Its  friction  rolls  are 
held  in  contact  with  the  bar  of  stock  by- 
stiff  springs.  It  is  the  only  roller  feed  that 
is  actuated  by  the  power  of  the  machine, 
for  feeding  round,  square  and  hexagon  bars. 


TURNERS    AND    CUTTERS 
OUTFIT    D 

THIS  turner  is  the  result  of  the  natural 
development  of  the  original  turner 
around  which  the  Flat  Turret  Lathe  was 
designed. 

Experience  has  proven  that  this  cutter  and 
means  of  holding  and  adjusting  it  are  the 
best. 

The  present  turner  is  provided  with  a 
double  adjustment  for  both  the  cutter  and 
back  rest,  but  it  has  lost  none  of  its  original 
convenience  and  simplicity,  and  may  now 
be  used  for  turning  only  one  diameter 
without  any  inconvenience  from  extra 
adjustment. 

We  retain  our  quick  means  for  withdrawing 
the  cutter  and  back  rest  for  opening  the 
turner  when  passing  over  a  larger  diameter. 

The  cutter  is  of  rough  i-inch  by  y> -inch 
high-speed  steel,  is  held  in  the  pivoted  tool 
block  of  forged  steel,  which  in  turn  is 
accurately  fitted  to  the  hollow  frame. 

108 


Groups  of  Turners  and  Cutters,  Outfit  D  (Small  Size) 
109 


The  adjustment  of  the  cutter  is  effected 
by  two  screws  arranged  side  by  side.  These 
screws  take  bearing  against  cams  on  cam 
shaft,  which  is  controlled  by  a  handle  similar 
to  that  used  in  a  machinist's  bench  vise. 
These  cams  are  diametrically  opposite,  so 
that  either  may  be  brought  into  action  by  a 
half  turn  of  the  handle. 

The  back  rests  are  controlled  by  a 
double  latch  in  order  to  obtain  the  double 
adjustment. 

The  hollow  frame  serves  as  a  conduit  for 

the  oil  which  enters  the  base  of  the  frame 

through  the  turret.     The  oblong  opening  in 

the  frame  over  the  cutting  tool  delivers  a 

^^^i  large,  slowly-moving  stream 

•  ljk     ^t  JB        of   oil   directly   on   the    cut- 

•       ting  edge. 


Cross  Slide  and  Tool  Holder 

The  turret  cross  slide  is  made  very 
compact.  The  sliding  tool  block  is  closely 
fitted  and  gibbed  to  the  base,  which  is  bolted 
securely  to  the  turret.  A  long  lever  and  a 
small  pinion  furnish  means  for  feeding  the 
cross-slide  tools.  The  sliding  surface  is  so 
close  to  the  work  that  its  slight  necessary 


amount  of  looseness  is  never  greater  at  the 
tool  point. 

This  slide  is  used  as  a  cut-off,  also  for 
holding  broad  tool,  especially  when  the  latter 
is  to  be  used  near  the  outer  end  of  a  long 
and  slender  piece.  For  such  broad  tool 
work  on  a  slender  shaft  a  supporting  bushing 
is  fitted  to  the  hole  in  upright. 

The  tool  holder  furnishes  convenient 
means  for  holding  drill  chucks,  reamers, 
taps,  etc. 


C  F 

The  only  Flat  Turret  Lathe. 
The  only  turret  lathe  having  cross-sliding  head. 
The  only  turret  gibbe^at  the  x^uter  edge. 
The  only  turret  having  locking  pin  directly  under 
the  working  tool. 

The  only  turret  slide  having  double  stops  for 
each  position  of  the  turret. 

The  only  single-drive  turret  lathe. 

The  only  turret  lathe  in  which  all  speeds  and 
feeds  are  instantly  obtainable. 

The  only  practical  drive  for  either  electric  or 
countershaft  drive. 

The  only  machine  with  universal  outfit  of  tools 
for  either  bar  or  chucking  work. 

No  cross  slide  between  turret  and  work  ;  hence 
the  tools  may  be  made  much  shorter  and  stiffer 
than  where  it  is  necessary  to  over-reach  an 
intermediate  cross  slide  or  carriage. 

Seven  of  the  twelve  turret  stops  may  be  used 
for  one  of  the  tools. 

Turret  stops  operate  in  either  direction. 

Feeding  and  stop  mechanism  accurately  measure 
the  pressure  with  which  the  turret  slide  is  brought 
against  the  positive  stop,  thus  insuring  accurate 
shoulder  work. 


No  troublesome  oil  pipe  and  no  swing  joints. 

All  spindle  driving  gears,  etc.,  partially  sub- 
merged in  oil. 

All  bearings  hung  to  insure  perfect  alignment. 

Cover  of  head  conveniently  removable.  Adjust- 
ment of  frictions  outside  of  head. 

Clutch  scheme  gives  three  speeds  for  each  lever  : 
fast  at  one  side ;  medium  at  opposite  extreme 
position  ;  and  when  in  middle  position,  with  both 
fast  and  medium  clutches  disengaged,  the  slow- 
moving  silent  ratchet  engages  and  carries  it  along, 
giving  the  third  speed. 

Turret  turns  automatically  to  the  position 
desired,  skipping  other  positions. 

Figures  that  tell.  Swing  only  12  and  14  inches  ; 
turret  diameters,  16  and  18  inches  ;  spindte  outside 
diameter,  4  inches. 

Lathe  rests  on  three-point  bearing.  An  unsteady 
or  unnatural  foundation  will  not  twist  the  bed. 

The  only  turners  having  double  size  turning 
adjustments. 

The  only  turners  in  which  the  tool  and  back 
rest  may  be  quickly  withdrawn  without  disturbing 
the  adjustment. 

The  only  turning  tools  that  do  not  overhang. 


114 


The  only  machine  in  which  the  stock  stop  operates 
at  the  back  end  of  travel. 

The  only  turret  lathe  taking  a  cut  on  long  work 
from,  instead  of  toward,  the  chuck  ;  and  this  is  the 
only  method  of  turning  long  work  true. 

Oil  flows  in  large,  slowly  moving  stream  through 
the  turret  and  hollow  frame  of  the  turner  that  is 
in  working  position  ;  not  in  a  little  stream,  sputtering 
at  high  pressure. 

Automatic  chuck  grips  any  shape  of  square, 
round  or  hexagon  up  to  the  spindle  capacity. 

Double  adjustment  of  turners,  combined  with 
double  turret  stops,  greatly  reduces  total  travel  of 
turret  slide. 

The  only  turret  in  which  index  locking  pin  for 
the  turret  is  nearly  as  far  from  center  of  turret  as 
the  point  of  the  turning  tool.  In  other  machines 
the  slight  necessary  looseness  at  turret  center  and 
locking  pin  allows  from  twro  to  more  times  the 
movement  at  the  tool  point,  which  is  more  than 
twice  the  distance  from  turret  center. 

No  mechanic  would  expect  to  get  very  accurate 
control  by  an  index  wheel  one-fourth  to  one-fifth 
the  diameter  of  the  work.  Other  turrets  are  of 
comparatively  small  diameter. 

Each  tool  travels  the  length  of  its  own  cut  only. 


On  account  of  the  double  adjustment  of  both 
turners  and  turret  stops  the  machine  may  be 
interrupted  while  running  on  one  kind  of  work,  and 
with  the  extra  stops  set  for  a  new  piece,  it  can  turn 
out  an  entirely  different  piece  without  disturbing 
the  adjustment  for  the  first  piece  ;  or,  if  only  one 
extra  piece  is  required,  all  of  the  stops  may  be  held 
out  of  position  without  change  of  adjustment. 

DIE    CLAIMS 

The  only  interchangeable  automatically  opening 
die  for  turret  lathes. 

The  only  die  for  which  each  chaser  is  separately 
milled  by  a  large  free  cutting  mill. 
The  only  lead  controlling  die. 

The  only  chaser  in  which  there  is  an  error  of 
only  one  hardening. 


116 


SCREW  THREADS 

N  the  original  development  of 
the  Turret  Lathe  for  accurate 
lathe  work,  the  greatest  obstacle 
to  our  progress  was  the  means 
formerly  employed  for  cutting  and  measuring 
screws. 

Die-cut  threads  were  never  correct  in 
lead,  and  seldom  of  good  shape.  Lathe-cut 
or  chased  threads  were  found  to  have  an 
error  in  lead  averaging  one-thirty-second  of 
an  inch  in  twelve  inches  when  cut  by  new 
lathes,  and  much  greater  error  when  produced 
by  old  lathes.  On  account  of  errors  in  lead 
and  shape,  neither  the  die  nor  lathe-cut 
screws  could  be  measured. 

The  so-called  screw  gauge  used  would 
tell  how  a  screw  would  "  feel  "  in  a  hole  of 


117 


the  same    length  as  the  gauge,  but  would 
never  tell  how  it  fitted. 

The  die  described  has  a  lead  error  of  less 
than  one-sixty-fourth  in  eighteen  inches ; 
produces  a  shape  of  thread  accurate  beyond 
measure,  making  it  possible  for  the  first 
time  to  measure  screw  threads  by  the  use  of 
the  ordinary  micrometer,  ring  or  snap  gauge. 
We  believe  this  marks  a  most  important 
step  in  the  advancement  of  accurate  machine 
construction.  A  full  explanation  follows, 
making  very  clear  how  such  results  are 
obtained. 


1.8 


GENERAL   DESCRIPTION 

THE  Hartness  Automatic  Die,  shown 
herewith,  is  supplied  in  three  sizes,  viz. : 
No.  i,  for  cutting  screw  threads  from  ^\  inch 
to  y?  inch  in  diameter;  No.  3,  for  screw 
threads  from  %  inch  to  i^  inches  in 
diameter ;  No.  6,  for  screw  threads  from  i 
inch  to  2  inches  in  diameter,  and  No.  9  for 
screw  threads  from  i  ^  to  3  inches  diameter. 

Right  or  left-hand  chasers  are  supplied  as 
required  for  cutting  United  States  Standard, 
Whitworth  Standard,  V,  Acme  and  pipe 
threads ;  also,  the  various  fine  threads  in 
customary  use.  It  was  designed  expressly 
for  the  Flat  Turret  Lathe,  but  may  be  used 
in  any  of  the  existing  screw  machines  or 
turret  lathes  by  change  of  shank. 

It  opens  automatically  when  the  travel  of 
its  holder  or  shank  is  retarded. 

The  cam  for  controlling  the  chasers  takes 
bearing  directly  over  and  very  close  to  the 
cutting  strains,  hence  there  is  no  chance  for 
the  chaser  to  get  away  from  its  work  by 
canting  or  tipping.  This  insures  straight 


work,  which  has  seldom  been  done  by 
other  forms  of  automatic  dies.  The 
connection  between  the  shank  and  the  body 
of  the  die  is  a  double  universal  joint 
allowing  the  die  to  assume  any  position 
required  by  the  work.  This  connection 
remains  perfectly  flexible  under  the  greatest 
torsional  strain  of  cutting,  and  provides  a 


Hartness  Automatic  Die  and  Its  Parts 


A  Group  of  Hartness  Automatic  Dies 


compensation  for  the  slight  but  important 
change  of  alignment  that  takes  place  in  all 
turret  machines  as  soon  as  a  die  begins  to  cut. 

The  latch  pin  which  holds  the  cam  in 
close  adjustment  is  provided  with  two  latch 
surfaces,  one  for  a  roughing  cut  and  the 
other  for  a  finishing  cut.  Turning  the 
latch  half  way  around  changes  it  from  one 
to  the  other  without  disturbing  the  principal 
adjustment  for  size,  \yith  this  feature 
smooth  screw  threads  can  be  cut  when  the 
lead  is  very  coarse.  It  is  seldom  used  on 
standard  threads  below  i  inch  in  diameter. 

Every  part  of  the  die  is  made  either  from 
open-hearth  or  tool  steel,  the  lathe  work 
being  done  exclusively  on  the  Flat  Turret 
Lathe,  and  all  other  operations  by  special 
machinery.  It  is  perfectly  interchangeable 
throughout. 


LEAD-CONTROLLING    FEATURE 

THE  process  of  forming  the  chaser  teeth 
is  such  that  the  front  or  working  teeth 
have  an  ideal  cutting  clearance,  while  the 
back  teeth  have  no  clearance,  but  instead 
take  bearing  on  the  work  a  trifle  back  of  the 
face  of  the  chaser,  forming  substantially  a 
lead  nut  which  rides  on  the  thread  produced 
by  the  front  teeth,  thus  governing  the  lead 
of  the  screw. 


These  chaser  teeth  are  formed  by  special 
milling  machines  provided  with  means  for 
recording  to  a  nicety  all  angles  and  positions 
of  approach  of  work  to  cutters,  so  that  an 
absolute  knowledge  of  the  clearance  and 
contact  of  each  tooth  is  possessed.  Each 
chaser  is  milled  separately,  insuring  a 
perfect  interchangeability. 

The  milling  cutters  used  are  2^  inches 
in  diameter,  regardless  of  the  size  of  the 
screw  to  be  cut  by  the  chasers.  These 
cutters  are  formed  in  backing-off  lathes 
and  possess  an  ideal  clearance.  When 
in  use  the  faces  of  their  cutting  teeth  are 
ground  frequently,  thus  maintaining  the 
correct  degree  of  rake  and  a  keen  cutting 
edge  ;  they  take  a  clean  cut  without  any  of 
the  burnishing  or  rubbing  action  which 
always  accompanies  the  nobbing  or  tapping 
of  dies.  The  importance  of  this  feature  is 
appreciated  after  the  dies  have  returned 
from  the  hardening  process.  Since  the  metal 
in  the  chaser  teeth  has  been  undisturbed  by 
the  cutting  process,  and  only  the  extreme 


edge  hardened,  leaving  the  soft  back  very 
near  to  the  edge,  no  appreciable  change  of 
form  takes  place. 

In  the  process  of  hardening  other  dies 
the  compressed  or  burnished  metal — which 
has  been  squeezed  into  shape  by  the  hobbing 
or  tapping  action — is  quick  to  assume  a 
more  natural  position,  and  this  results  in  a 
distorted  die. 

Our  method  does  not  depend  on  the 
accuracy  of  the  lead  screw  of  a  lathe  in 
which  hobs,  taps  and  mills  for  producing 
dies  are  made,  neither  are  we  affected  by 
the  change  in  hardening  of  such  tools. 

All  other  methods  have  at  least  the  errors 
of  two  hardenings  and  one  lead  screw.  We 
correct  in  the  milling  machine  all  errors 
excepting  the  final  hardening  of  the  chaser, 
which  takes  place  under  such  ideal  condi- 
tions that  we  cut  a  practically  perfect  screw. 

The  error  in  lead  is  less  than  -g\  in  18 
inches  in  screws  of  standard  pitch,  and  when 
cutting  threads  of  fine  pitches,  a  propor- 
tionate accuracy  of  lead  is  maintained. 


To  obtain  a  full  appreciation  of  the 
comparative  minuteness  of  this  error  it  is 
only  necessary  to  measure  with  a  good  scale 
the  lead  of  the  best  taps  on  the  market,  the 
lead  screws  of  engine  lathes  and  the  screws 
cut  by  other  dies,  any  of  which  will  show 
errors  from  four  to  ten  times  as  great. 

In  view  of  these  facts  we  consider  our 
die  practically  perfect  in  its  lead-controlling 
features.  If  greater  accuracy  of  lead  is 
required  than  that  found  in  our  regular 
stock  chasers,  we  are  prepared  to  furnish,  at 
a  special  price,  chasers  having  lead  errors 
not  exceeding  Tlj\n  °^  an  mc^  'in  l&  incnes- 


GENERAL    DIRECTIONS    FOR    USING 

IF  the  lead  of  the  work  produced  does 
not  correspond  to  the  nut  into  which  it  is 
fitted,  do  not  condemn  the  die,  but  measure 
the  lead  of  both  the  work  and  the  taps  with 
a  scale,  providing  you  can  get  both  in 
length  of  4  or  6  inches.  It  is  practically 
impossible  to  make  taps  that  will  lead 
accurately  on  account  of  varying  results  in 


hardening.  This  element  of  uncertainty  is 
eliminated  in  this  die,  as  explained  on  the 
two  preceding  pages.  The  error  in  lead  of 
taps  is  usually  so  great  that  it  is  plainly 
visible  on  i  or  1%  inches  of  length.  A 
scale  placed  on  tops  of  teeth  will  show 
at  the  even  inches  the  error,  and  at  the  i^- 
inch  graduations  if  the  pitch  is  an  even 
number  to  the  inch. 

Fifty   per  cent,  of  the    taps  now  in  use 
should  be  discarded      When  you  order  new 


taps  ask  the  maker  to  select  taps  of  good 
lead,  and  if  necessary  pay  an  extra  price  for 
getting  the  cream.  It  will  be  worth  it  if 
you  want  good  work.  Measure  the  diameter 
of  the  taps  and  see  that  there  are  no  burrs 
or  fins  in  bottom  of  thread  to  spoil  shape  of 
thread  in  the  work. 

The  so  called  thread  gauges,  in  the  form 
of  a  circular  nut,  though  nicely  finished  and 
hardened  pieces  of  steel  with  an  internal 
thread,  are  very  misleading. 

All  that  has  been  said  in  the  foregoing 
regarding  the  impossibility  of  making  correct 


lead  dies  is  equally  true  of  these  gauges. 
Furthermore,  such  gauges  wear  in  directions 
for  which  an  adjustment  cannot  be  made. 
A  more  unreliable  gauge  could  hardly  be 
invented. 

The  three  distinct  dimensions  of  a  screw 
thread  should  be  measured  separately.  The 
shape  and  lead  should  be  measured  when 
the  die  is  made  ;  in  other  words,  the  die 
should  cut  a  correct  shape  and  lead ;  then 
the  third  dimension,  the  diameter,  should 
be  measured  when  the  die  commences  on  a 
lot  of  screws,  and  occasionally  thereafter. 
The  thread  may  be  measured  by  the  ordinary 


micrometer,  snap  or  ring 
gauge,  taking  the  diameter 
at  the  top  of  the  thread. 

As  the  die  becomes  badly 
worn,  the  lead  should 
be  measured  occasionally. 
This  can  be  done  by  cut- 
ting a  thread  6  or  1 2  inches 
long  and  measuring  it  with 
a  good  scale,  remembering 
that  all  scales  may  "  look 
alike  "  and  yet  not  be  the 
same  in  length  ;  hence  get 
a  good  scale. 

The  various  forms  of 
screw  lead-measuring  de- 
vices may  be  used  with 
economy  of  time  and 
material,  but  such  gauges 
should  be  handled  with 
special  care  and  occa- 
sionally compared  by  the 
foregoing  method. 


THE    FLAT    TURRET    CHUCKING 
LATHE 


UST  as  the  original  Flat  Turret 
Lathe  was  the  first  machine  to 
be  equipped  with  an  outfit  of 
conveniently  adjustable  tools  for 
bar  work,  so  now  with  the  present  machine 
we  have  provided  a  universal  outfit  of  tools 
for  chuck  work. 

The  many  illustrations  of  chucking  tools 
and  conditions  under  which  they  work 
will  carry  conviction  that  we  have  not 
fallen  short  of  our  established  record,  to 
use  only  the  most  practical  and  efficient 
tools  held  under  the  most  rigid  control 
and  in  conveniently  adjustable  holders. 
When  we  say  chuck  work,  we  do  not 


mean  merely  the  process  of  boring  a  rough 
hole  in  a  piece  of  work  to  be  reamed  else- 
where and  after  that  to  be  pushed  on  an 
arbor  and  turned  in  some  other  machine,  but 
we  mean  finishing  the  work  shown  by  our 
accompanying  sketches,  in  which  every  pos- 
sible cut  is  taken  that  can  be  taken,  and 
still  leave  means  for  holding  the  piece. 


Front  View  of  the  14-inch  Suing   Flat  Turret  Chucking   Lathe 
with  Cross-feeding  Head.     This  same  machine  with  auto- 
matic chuck  and  roller  feed  and  tools  for  bar  work  is 
called  the  3  x  36-inch.     When  our  2  x  24-inch  Flat 
Turret  Lathe   is  equipped  for  chucking,  it  is 
called  the    1 2-inch    Flat  Turret  Chucking 
Lathe   with    Cross-feeding    Head 


»33 


Just  as  in  the  past  we  restricted  our 
working  dimensions  to  a  2-inch  spindle 
hole,  so  now  in  this  machine  we  restrict  our 
chucking  swing  to  12  and  14  inches;  but 
in  doing  so,  we  furnish  a  machine  that  can- 
not be  equaled  by  any  other  machine. 

The  simplicity  of  our  entire  scheme  makes 
it  possible  to  retain  for  our  entire  range  of 
work  our  claim  made  for  the  original  machine, 
viz.,  we  can  make  one  piece  quicker  than  it 
is  possible  to  make  it  in  an  engine  lathe, 
and  if  two  pieces  or  more  are  required  our 
systems  of  stops  make  a  convenient  and 
quick  means  for  accurate  duplication. 


The  ten  stops  for  the  cross-feed  head, 
combined  with  the  dozen  stops  for  the  turret, 
and  the  turning  and  boring  tools,  all  of  the 
simplest  and  stiffest  construction,  make  this 
machine  ready  to  begin  work  as  soon  as  it 
is  supplied  with  the  driving  power.  It  is 
not  only  ready  to  begin  work  on  the  work 
for  which  it  may  have  been  purchased,  but 


Back  View  of  the  1 4-inch  Swing  Flat  Turret  Chucking  Lathe 
with  Cross-feeding  Head.     This  same  machine  with  auto- 
matic chuck  and  roller  feed  and  tools  for  bar  work  is 
called  the  3  x  36-inch.    When  our  2  x  24-inch  Flat 
Turret   Lathe  is  equipped  for  chucking,  it  is 
called  the   1 2-inch  Flat  Turret  Chucking 
Lathe  with  Cross-feeding  Head. 


'35 


Front  Views  of  Turret  with  Chucking  Outfit  Tools  in  Position 
136 


Showing  Large  Boring  Bar 


2  x  24-inch    Flat   Turret   Lathe   ( 12-inch    Chucking    Machine) 

Showing  a  piece  of  work  in  the  chuck  and  one  of  the 

boring  tools  in  a  holder  on  the  turret 


137 


Showing  Stability  of  Work  and  Tool  Control 
138 


it  is  supplied  with  a  set  of  tools  that  will 
take  care  of  any  similar  piece  any  hour  or 
any  day  in  the  future  ;  and,  notwithstanding 
this  universality,  adaptability  and  efficiency, 
our  tools  and  work  are  brought  together 
under  the  most  rigid  control  and  under  ideal 
conditions  never  before  attained  in  a  lathe. 

All  the  shears  and  running  surfaces  are 
protected  from  the  dust  of  cast-iron,  so  that 
the  machine  may  be  used  for  either  steel 
work  in  which  oil  is  used,  or  for  cast-iron 
chucking. 

The  drawings  on  pages  140  to  189,  in- 
clusive, are  intended  to  show  some  of  the 
results  of  giving  the  lathe  head  stock  a  cross 
travel.  For  compactness  the  work  is  shown 
at  each  turret  tool,  but  it  will  be  understood 
that  the  turret  turns  to  present  each  tool 
to  the  work  and  that  the  travel  of  the  turret 
carriage  lengthwise,  combined  with  the  cross 
travel  of  the  work-carrying  head  stock 
and  the  turning  of  the  turret,  bring  all  the 
necessary  changes  of  position  of  work  and 
tools. 


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Finished  in  Two  Operations — Second  Operation 


Finished  in  Two  Operations— First  Operation 


Finished  in  Two  Operations — Second  Operatic 


Finished  in  Two  Operations — First  Operation 


156 


'57 


Finished  in  Two  Operations — First  Operation 


158 


Finished  in  Two  Operations — Second  Operation 


Finished  in  Two  Operations — First  Operatioi 
160 


Finished  in  Two  Operations — Second  Operation 


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Finished  in  Two  Operations — First  Operation 


162 


FACE  PLATE 


Finished  in  Two  Operations — Second  Operation 


163 


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1  1 

Finished  in  Two  Operations— First  Operation 


167 


X    x 


168 


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FACE  PLATE 


Finished  in  Two  Operations — Second  Operation 


171 


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FACE  PLATE 


Finished  in  Two  Operations— Second  Operation 


'73 


Finished  in  Two  Operations — First  Operation 
"74 


Finished  in  Two  Operations — Second  Operation 
175 


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176 


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179 


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FACE  PLATE 


Finished  in  Two  Operations — Second  Operation 


183 


Finished  in  Two  Operations — First  Operation 


Finished  in  Two  Operations— Second  Operation 


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Finished  in  Two  Operations — First  Operation 


Finished  in  Two  Operations — Second  Operation 
187 


Finished  in  Two  Operations — First  Operatior 


i8g 


DETAILS  OF  OUTFIT  OF  TOOLS  FOR 
BAR  WORK  UP  TO  2^-INCH  BAR 

The  Machine  One  2  x  24  Flat  Turret  Lathe, 
— - —  Cross-feed  Head,  Single  Drive, 
four  Tool  Holders,  three  Stock  Supports,  Oil 
Pump  and  Piping,  Friction  Countershaft,  Cast-iron 
Table  for  holding  tools,  etc.,  and  suitable  Wrenches. 

Parts  for  handling  the  bar  of  stock     Automatic 

~ •     Chuck  and 

Roller  Feed.  Fifteen  sets  of  Jaws  for  chuck,  hold- 
ing all  sizes  from  ^  inch  to  2^  inches  in  diameter, 
inclusive. 

Turning  Tools  Four  Quick-opening  Turners,  ad- 
^=  justable  to  all  sizes  from  2^ 
inches  down. 

One  Cross  Slide  for  holding  cutting-off  and 
forming  tools. 

One  Pointing  Tool. 

Screw  Thread  Cutting  One  i^-inch  Automatic 
;  (opening)  Die,  with  fif- 
teen sets  of  chasers  for  cutting  all  U.  S.  S.  threads 
y%  of  an  inch  to  i  ^  inches  in  diameter,  inclusive, 
by  sixteenths. 

All  of  the  above  may  be  briefly  described  as 
2  x  24  Flat  Turret  Lathe,  with  the  Automatic 
Die  Outfit  (Outfit  D). 


DETAILS     OF     THE     2    X    24     FLAT 

TURRET    LATHE    WITH    CHUCKING 

OUTFIT     FOR     WORK     UP     TO      12 

INCHES     DIAMETER 

The  Machine     One  2x24  by  1 2-inch  swing  Flat 

Turret    Lathe,    Cross-feed    Head, 

Single  Drive,  six  Tool  Blocks,  four  Tool  Holders, 
Oil  Pump  and  Piping,  Friction  Countershaft,  Cast- 
iron  Table  for  holding  tools,  etc.,  and  suitable 
Wrenches. 

Chucking  Tools     One  1 2-inch  Face  Plate. 
==:^^==     One  1 2-inch  three-jawed  Scroll 
Chuck  with  reversible,  three-step  Jaws. 

One   extra  set  of  Long-necked  Jaws  for  inside 
gripping. 

One  extra  set  of  Soft  Blank  Jaws  that  may  be 
turned  to  fit  any  special  form. 

One  dozen  Outside  Turning  Cutters   (one  each 
03,  06,  09 ;  two  each  04,  05,  07,  and  three  08). 

Eight  Inside  Turning  and  Boring  Cutters  (one 
each  018,  019,  027,  028,  and  two  each  016  and  017). 

One  i  yz  -inch  Round  Boring  Bar,  with  two  cutters. 

One    2^-inch   Square   Extension    Turning    Bar, 
with  two  clamps. 

All    may   be   briefly   described   as    2  x  24    Flat 
Turret  Lathe,  with  Chucking  Outfit  (Outfit  C). 


DOUBLE     OUTFIT     FOR     BAR     AND 
CHUCK    WORK 

FOR    BAR    WORK    UP    TO    2^    INCHES    IN   DIAMETER 

AND   24    INCHES  IN   LENGTH   AND  CHUCK    WORK   UP 

TO    THE    12-INCH    SWING    CAPACITY 

The  Machine     One    2  x  24    Flat   Turret    Lathe, 
— - — — — — — — —     Cross-feed    Head,    Single    Drive, 

four  Tool  Holders,  three  Stock  Supports,  Oil  Pump 
and  Piping,  Friction  Countershaft,  Cast-iron  Table 
for  holding  tools,  etc.,  and  suitable  Wrenches. 

Parts  for  handling  the  bar  of  stock     Automatic 

— —— • — — — — — — — — — — — — — -^— — — ^—     Chuck  and 

Roller  Feed.  Fifteen  sets  of  Jaws  for  chuck,  hold- 
ing all  sizes  from  yz  inch  to  2^  inches  in  diameter, 
inclusive. 

Turning  Tools  Four  Quick -opening  Turners,  ad- 
^ — — —  justable  to  all  sizes  from  2% 
inches  down. 

One  Cross  Slide  for  holding  cutting-off  and  form- 
ing tools. 

One  Pointing  Tool. 

Screw  Thread  Cutting     One  I  j^-inch  Automatic 

~====— ——-——— —————  (opening)  Die,  with  fif- 
teen sets  of  chasers  for  cutting  all  U.  S.  S.  threads 
Y%  of  an  inch  to  i^  inches  in  diameter,  inclusive, 
by  sixteenths. 


192 


Chucking     Six  Tool  Blocks. 

One  12-inch  Face  Plate. 

One  12-inch  three-jawed  Scroll  Chuck  with  re- 
versible, three-step  Jaws. 

One  extra  set  of  Long-necked  Jaws  for  inside 
gripping. 

One  extra  set  of  Soft  Blank  Jaws  that  may  be 
turned  to  fit  any  special  form. 

One  dozen  Outside  Turning  Cutters  (one  each 
03,  06,  09 ;  two  each  04,  05,  07,  and  three  08). 

Eight  Inside  Turning  and  Boring  Cutters  (one 
each  018,  019,  027,  028,  and  two  each  016  and 
017). 

One  i  yz  -inch  Round  Boring  Bar,  with  two 
cutters. 

One  2  ^  inch  Square  Extension  Turning  Bar, 
with  two  clamps. 

All  the  above  may  be  briefly  described  as 
2  x  24  Flat  Turret  Lathe,  with  Automatic  Die 
and  Chucking  Outfits  (Outfits  D  and  C). 


193 


DETAILS     OF     OUTFIT     OF     TOOLS 
FOR    BAR    WORK   HANDLING   FULL- 
LENGTH    BARS     UP    TO    3    INCHES 
DIAMETER 

TURNING    ALL    DIAMETERS    UP    TO    3    INCHES    AND 
THREADING    UP    TO    2    INCHES    DIAMETER 

The  Machine  One  3  x  36  Flat  Turret  Lathe, 
— — — — — • — —  Cross -feed  Head,  Single  Drive, 
four  Tool  Holders,  three  Stock  Supports,  Oil 
Pump  and  Piping,  Friction  Countershaft,  Cast-iron 
Table  for  holding  tools,  etc.,  and  suitable  Wrenches. 
Parts  for  handling  the  bar  of  stock  Automatic 

Chuck  and 

Roller  Feed.     Seventeen  sets  of  Jaws  for  chuck, 

holding  all  sizes  from  i  inch  to  3  inches  in  diameter, 

inclusive. 

Turning  Tools     Four    Quick  -  opening    Turners, 

^^==^^^=     adjustable    to    all    sizes    from    3 

inches    down. 

One    Cross    Slide    for    holding   cutting-off   and 
forming  tools.     One  Pointing  Tool. 
Screw  Thread  Cutting     One    2  -  inch    Automatic 

(opening)  Die,  with  nine 

sets  of  chasers  for  cutting  all  U.  S.  S.  threads  i  inch 
to  2  inches  in  diameter,  inclusive,  by  eighths. 

All  the  above  may  be  briefly  described  as  3  x  36 
Flat  Turret  Lathe,  with  the  Automatic  Die 
Outfit  (Outfit  D). 


194 


DETAILS  OF  THE  3  X  36  FLAT  TUR- 
RET LATHE  WITH  CHUCKING  OUT- 
FIT   FOR  WORK   UP   TO   14    INCHES 
DIAMETER 

The  Machine  One  3  x  36  1 4-inch  swing  Flat 
=====— — —  Turret  Lathe,  Cross -feed  Head, 
Single  Drive,  six  Tool  Blocks,  four  Tool  Holders, 
Oil  Pump  and  Piping,  Friction  Countershaft,  Cast- 
iron  Table  for  holding  tools,  etc.,  and  suitable 
Wrenches. 

Chucking  Tools     One  1 4-inch  Face  Plate. 

:     One  14-inch  three-jawed  Scroll 
Chuck  with  reversible,  three-step  Jaws. 

One  extra  set  of  Long-necked  Jaws  for  inside 
gripping. 

One  extra  set  of  Soft  Blank  Jaws  that  may  be 
turned  to  fit  any  special  form. 

One  dozen  Outside  Turning  Cutters  (one  each 
03,  06,  09;  two  each  04,  05,  07,  and  three  08). 

Eight  Inside  Turning  and  Boring  Cutters  (one 
each  018,  019,  027,  028,  and  two  each  016  and  017). 

One  i  j^-inch  Round  Boring  Bar,  with  two  cutters. 

One  3  x  3^ -inch  Extension  Turning  Bar,  with 
two  clamps. 

All  the  above  may  be  briefly  described  as  3  x  36 
Flat  Turret  Lathe,  with  Chucking  Outfit  (Out- 
fit C). 


195 


DOUBLE  OUTFIT  FOR  BAR  WORK 
UP  TO  3  INCHES  DIAMETER  AND  36 
INCHES  IN  LENGTH,  AND  CHUCK 
WORK  UP  TO  14-INCH  SWING 
CAPACITY 

The  Machine  One  3  x  36  Flat  Turret  Lathe, 
===—^——— —  Cross-feed  Head,  Single  Drive, 
four  Tool  Holders,  three  Stock  Supports,  Oil 
Pump  and  Piping,  Friction  Countershaft,  Cast-iron 
Table  for  holding  tools,  etc.,  and  suitable  Wrenches. 

Parts  for  handling  the  bar  of  stock     Automatic 

=     Chuck  and 

Roller  Feed.  Seventeen  sets  of  Jaws  for  chuck, 
holding  all  sizes  from  i  inch  to  3  inches  in  diameter, 
inclusive. 

Turning  Tools  Four  Quick-opening  Turners, 
-11— — -— — — — • — —  adjustable  to  all  sizes  from  3 
inches  down. 

One  Cross  Slide  for  holding  cutting-off  and 
forming  tools. 

One  Pointing  Tool. 

Screw  Thread  Cutting     One    2-inch    Automatic 
—     (opening)  Die,  with  nine 

sets  of  chasers  for  cutting  all  U.  S.  S.  threads  i 
inch  to  2  inches  in  diameter,  inclusive,  by  eighths. 


196 


Chucking     Six  Tool  Blocks. 

One  14-inch  Face  Plate. 

One  14-inch  three-jawed  Scroll  Chuck  with 
reversible,  three-step  Jaws. 

One  extra  set  of  Long-necked  Jaws  for  inside 
gripping. 

One  extra  set  of  Soft  Blank  Jaws  that  may  be 
turned  to  fit  any  special  form. 

One  dozen  Outside  Turning  Cutters  (one  each 
03,  06,  09  ;  two  each  04,  05,  07,  and  three  08). 

Eight  Inside  Turning  and  Boring  Cutters  (one 
each  018,  019,  027,  028,  and  two  each  016  and  017). 

One  i  l/i  -inch  Round  Boring  Bar,  with  two 
cutters. 

One  3  x  3^3 -inch  Extension  Turning  Bar,  with 
two  clamps. 

All  the  above  may  be  briefly  described  as  3  x  36 
Flat  Turret  Lathe,  with  Automatic  Die  and 
Chucking  Outfits  (Outfits  D  and  C). 


197 


Taper  Turner 


198 


TAPER  TURNER 

ON  the  preceding  page  we  illustrate  our 
taper  turning  tool,  which  may  use  a 
single  cutter  and- three  back  rests,  or  six 
cutters.  It  is  provided  with  convenient 
means  for  varying  the  degree  of  taper  and 
size  without  change  of  template. 

This  cam  in  turn  is  controlled  by  a  wedge- 
shaped  former  or  template  shown  below. 


Formers  for  Controlling  the  Taper  Turner 

The  simplicity  of  this  tool  will  appeal  to 
all  having  had  experience  with  previous 
types  of  taper  turners. 

In  the  illustration  the  upper  former  is 
blank  and  may  be  planed  to  any  taper. 
The  lower  is  ready  for  use. 


199 


Three-jawed  Centering  Chuck,  with  Shank  to  fit  Turret  Tool 

Holder.     Two-jawed  Chuck  Fitted  to  Spindle 

Bell-mouth  Pointing  Tool 

THESE  two  chucks  are  used  for  loco- 
motive frame  bolts  and  other  forgings 
in  which  there  is  a  scant  amount  of  stock  for 
turning  and  with  a  head  which  may  be 
forged  on  a  trifle  eccentric.  The  three-jawed 
chuck  centers  the  forging  by  its  body 
while  the  two-jawed  chuck  is  constructed 
to  grip  the  bolt-head  where  it  finds  it  re- 
gardless of  its  eccentricity. 

The  pointing  tool  is  used  on  the  same 
work  but  may  also  be  used  on  any  work 
requiring  beveled  point. 


Clutch  Tap  Holder 

THE  clutch  tap  holder  resists  the  cut- 
ting strain  until  the  tap  has  reached 
the  desired  depth,  at  which  point  the  car- 
riage is  stopped,  causing  the  clutches  to  pull 
apart  and  allowing  the  tap  to  rotate  with 
the  work  until  spindle  is  reversed  for 
screwing  it  out. 


Chuck  for  Holding  Drills 


for  holding  drills.  The  chuck 
* — '  body  is  held  in  one  of  the  turret  tool 
holders. 


Centering  Tool 


CENTERING  tool  is  for  drilling  centers 
in  work  for  grinding  or  other  pur- 
poses. By  careful  adjustment  of  two  of  the 
back  rests  just  a  little  nearer  the  center 
than  the  third  rest,  absolutely  true  center- 
ing can  be  done. 


205 


ELECTRIC  drive  is  shown  on  this  and 
the  opposite  page. 

The  motor  is  mounted  on  a  base  that  com- 
pensates for  the  change  in  center  distance  as 
the  sliding  head  travels.  The  starting  box 
may  be  attached  to  the  face  of  the  machine 
or  to  the  iron  work  table  which  accompanies 
each  machine  having  the  chucking  or  bar 
outfit.  Any  constant  speed  motor  may  be 
used.  No  variation  in  speed  is  required  in 
the  motor,  neither  is  it  necessary  to  reverse 
the  motor,  for  all  such  changes  are  obtained 
by  mechanism  in  the  head. 


End  Elevation  Electric  Drive  for  2  x  24 

206 


Only  one  stock  sup-  f 
port  is  shown  on  op-  ^ 
posite  page  on  account 
of  smallness  of  page. 
Three  supports  are 
furnished.  The  second 
is  placed  3  feet  from 
the  one  shown  in  cut 
and  the  third  is  placed 
5  feet  beyond  the 
second  support. 


Countershaft  Drive,  End 
Elevation  of  2  x  24 


208 


co. 
PRCFLIJY 


THE  LOCATION  OF  THESE  HOLES 
„_,  MAY  VARY  YI  INCH 

LJLri*- 


ELECTRIC  drive  is  shown  on  this  and 
the  opposite  page. 

The  motor  is  mounted  on  a  base  that  com- 
pensates for  the  change  in  center  distance  as 
the  sliding  head  travels.  The  starting  box 
may  be  attached  to  the  face  of  the  machine 
or  to  the  iron  work  table  which  accompanies 
each  machine  having  the  chucking  or  bar 
outfit.  Any  constant  speed  motor  may  be 
used.  No  variation  in  speed  is  required  in 
the  motor,  neither  is  it  necessary  to  reverse 
the  motor,  for  all  such  changes  are  obtained 
by  mechanism  in  the  head. 


End  Elevation  Electric  Drive  of  3  x  36 


••-fir 

n  y 7|      4  I 


Only  one  stock  sup- 
port is  shown  on  op- 
posite page  on  account 
of  smallness  of  page. 
Three  supports  are 
furnished.  The  second 
is  placed  3  feet  from 
the  one  shown  in  cut 
and  the  third  is  placed 
5  feet  beyond  the 
second  support. 


End  View  of  3  x  36 


—4--  — 6V- 

=?  THE  LOCATION  OF  TH 


„_..  -   -  ESE 

OLES  MAY  VARY  /2  INCH. 


Front  Elevation  of  3  X36  with  Countershaft 


DIRECTIONS1FOR    <<  SETTING    UP" 
ANIl  OPERATING 

BOLT  the  machine  to  the  floor  before 
putting  on  the  belt.  Do  not  adjust  the 
position  of  the  machine  to  the  running  of 
the  belt.  Set  the  machine  true  with  the 
countershaft  or  main  line  by  dropping  down 
a  plumb  bob  from  each  end  of  the  shaft. 
Since  plumb  bobs  are  not  in  the  kit  of 
every  machinist,  an  inch  nut  or  any  weight 
on  the  end  of  a  string  thrown  over  the 
shaft  will  answer.  The  countershaft  should 
line  up  perfectly  with  the  shaft  from  which 
-the  power  is  received  and  it  should  be  per- 
fectly level.  It  should  be  well  oiled  before 
starting  and  examined  after  it  has  run 
fifteen  minutes  to  see  if  any  of  the  bearings 
are  warm. 

After  the  machine  has  been  set  parallel 
with  the  counter,  the  lag  screws  should  be 
put  through  the  legs  into  the  floor,  but 
should  not  be  screwed  down  until  after  the 
machine  is  leveled.  As  the  bed  rests  on 
three  points  and  is  flexibly  connected  to  one 


pair  of  legs,  the  leveling  of  the  machine  is 
not  done  in  the  usual  way.  When  the  level 
is  placed  across  the  V's  of  the  lathe  bed 
and  is  found  to  be- a  little  high  on  one  side, 
drive  the  wedges  under  the  edge  of  the  leg 
at  head  end.  Do  not  try  to  change  it  by 
wedging  up  under  the  back  leg,  for  it  is  not 
connected  to  the  bed  by  the  usual  means, 
but  only  serves  as  a  pivotal  support. 
Wedging  under  this  leg  will  only  raise  or 
lower  this  end  of  the  machine.  Care  should, 
however,  be  taken  to  have  this  leg  stand  on 
a  fairly  level  spot.  Now  place  the  level  on 
one  of  the  V's  lengthwise  and  wedge  up 
carefully  until  both  ends  of  the  machine  are 
equal  in  height. 

Locate  the  stock  supports  as  indicated  in 
the  drawings  and  adjust  them  for  height  by 
placing  a  bar  of  stock  in  the  machine  and 
slowing  revolving  it. 

If  the  countershaft  clutches  slip,  screw 
up  the  two  small  nuts  at  the  rim  of  friction 
and  slightly  turn  each  the  same  amount. 
The  speed  should  be  exactly  450  revolutions 


per  minute.  If  this  speed  is  not  as 
prescribed,  the  table  of  sizes  of  work  for 
which  the  various  speeds  are  intended  will 
be  of  no  value.  This  table  is  furnished  for 
ready  reference  in  a  suitable  frame  with 
each  machine. 

Do  not  put  your  belts  on  too  tight  at  first. 
It  is  much  easier  to  lace  the  belt  two  or 
three  times  while  it  is  stretching  than  it  is 
to  get  a  new  bearing  running  smoothly  after 
it  has  been  roughened  up  by  the  belts  being 
too  tight. 

All  new  bearings  should  be  frequently 
oiled  and  run  with  care. 

To  Start  the  Machine  on  Bar 
Work,  begin  on  some  very  simple  work. 
Suppose  the  diameter  of  the  head  is  i|$ 
and  the  body  i^  inches,  that  the  total 
length  is  6  inches  and  that  the  piece  must 
be  finished  all  over.  Get  a  bar  of  i  ^6 -inch 
stock  ;  see  that  it  is  fairly  straight  and  free 
from  short  kinks  and  that  there  is  no  burr 
of  any  size  on  either  end.  If  the  bar  has 


been  cut  off  in  the  shear,  the  burr  should 
be  hammered  down.  The  large  adjusting 
collar  under  the  sleeve  should  be  screwed 
back  to  open  the  chuck  and  forward  to  close 
it.  Now  remove  the  bushing  from  the 
spindle,  for  this  is  only  used  for  smaller 
bars  than  i  inch,  and  would  not  admit 
the  i  ^6-inch  bar.  It  is  necessary  to  let 
back  the  rolls  in  the  roller  feed  in  order  to 
remove  this  bushing.  After  this  is  done, 
push  the  bar  through  the  stock  supports  into 
the  spindle  and  through  the  chuck  until  the 
end  projects  about  ^  of  an  inch  beyond 
the  face  of  the  chuck.  Adjust  the  jaws  at 
the  back  of  the  roller  feed  till  they  are 
about  Jg-  of  an  inch  loose  on  the  stock. 
Adjust  the  chuck  till  it  requires  much  force 
to  thrust  the  chuck  lever  to  the  left.  The 
rolls  of  the  roller  feed  should  be  set  down 
against  the  bar  till  each  spring  is  raised  a 
trifle. 

Now,  the  next  thing  is  to  determine  the 
speed  to  be  run.  This  can  be  done  by  the 
use  of  the  table,  or  by  experience.  Turn 


the  turret  around  until  the  cross  slide  comes 
in  working  position,  set  the  cut-off  tool  and 
trim  off  the  rough  end  of  the  bar.  Before 
turning  to  the  next  place,  set  the  stop.  See 
directions  for  adjusting  the  stops  on  page 
222.  No.  i  is  the  stop  for  the  cross  slide. 
Next  move  the  "  back  stop  "  up  close  and 
clamp  it.  Run  the  turret  back  against  it 
till  it  turns  to  the  next  position ;  next  loosen 
the  back  stop  again  and  push  it  back  till 
the  end  of  the  swinging  "  stock  stop  " 
measures  a  distance  equal  to  the  length  of 
the  work,  which  is  6  inches,  plus  the  width 
of  the  cut-off  tool,  which  we  will  call  T\. 
That  is,  the  stock  stop  should  be  swung  up 
into  place,  and  the  turret  should  push  the 
back  stop  until  the  length  between  the  end 
of  the  bar  in  the  chuck  and  the  end  of  the 
stock  stop  is  equal  to  6^  inches  ;  then 
clamp  the  back  stop  firmly. 

Now  open  the  chuck  and  hold  the  lever 
to  the  right  until  the  roller  feed  pushes  the 
bar  out  against  the  stop,  then  forcibly  close 
the  chuck.  Turn  the  turret  to  turner.  Now 


. 

use  the  turner  :carefitl}3pand  without  the 
back  rest,  till  the  cutter  is  adjusted  to  'size. 
This  must  be  done  on  the  first  piece  by  use 
of  calipers  or  any  other  gauge;  take  off 
about  ^6 -inch  chip  each  time  while  roughing, 
and  allow  it  to  run  on  about  %  °f  an  inch. 
After  the  end  has  been  reduced  to  i^, 
adjust  the  back  rest,  have  it  follow  the  tool 
and  bear  on  the  i  ^  size,  then  throw  in  the 
feed  by  the  lever  on  front  of  the  apron  near 
the  pilot  wheel.  Let  this  cut  run  up  the 
required  distance  and  adjust  the  feed  stop 
for  this  tool. 

Before  running  back,  withdraw  the  tool 
by  pulling  the  small  cam  lever  towards  you. 
Run  back  the  turret  until  it  brings  the  next 
tool  into  position,  and  adjust  this  tool  for 
turning  the  head  of  the  piece ;  the  head 
may  be  turned  without  the  use  of  the  back 
rest. 

Now  the  end  of  the  piece  may  be  shaped 
by  the  pointing  tool  held  in  one  of  the  tool 
holders.  The  screw  cutting  comes  next. 
Directions  for  using  the  automatic  die  will 


219 


be  found  on  pages  234  to  239.  The  next 
operation  is  rounding  the  head,  which  may 
be  done  by  an  offset  tool  in  the  back  tool 
post  of  cross  slide,  or  it  may  be  done  by 
putting  a  crowning  tool  in  place  of  the  cut-off 
tool  and  then  having  the  cut-off  tool  work 
from  the  back  post  of  cross  slide.  By  using 
the  former  instead  of  the  latter,  an  additional 
tool  may  be  set  in  the  back  post  for  shaving 
the  under  side  of  the  head.  This,  however, 
is  not  often  necessary.  Then  cut  the  piece 
from  the  bar  and  proceed  to  run  off  the 
required  number. 

If  but  one  piece  is  desired,  it  is  not 
necessary  to  set  any  of  the  stops.  These 
stops  were  set  only  for  the  benefit  of  more 
rapid  production  of  the  other  pieces  wanted. 
In  starting  the  turner  on  a  piece  of  this 
proportion,  do  not  throw  in  the  feed  until 
the  edge  of  the  back  rest  is  started  on  the 
work;  it  should  be  fed  thus  far  by  hand. 
The  fine  feed  should  be  used  with  a  chip  of 
this  kind,  but  if  the  tool  is  beveled  slightly, 
the  medium  feed  can  be  used. 


If  the  Bar  is  crooked  and  the  end  runs 
out  too  much  to  true  up,  the  piece  may  be 
partly  severed  from  the  bar,  enough  to 
weaken  it  so  that  it  can  be  bent  to  run 
true. 

The  Jaws  may  be  used  on  work  a 
trifle  larger,  but  never  on  smaller  diam- 
eters than  is  marked  on  the  jaws.  For 
instance,  the  i^-inch  jaws  will  hold  i}£, 
but  will  not  hold  i  ]rf .  The  latter  size 
must  be  held  by  the  i^-inch  jaws. 

Hexagon  Stock  is  held  by  the  same 
jaws  that  hold  round  and  square  by  remov- 
ing one  of  the  jaws  and  inserting  spacers 
that  will  hold  the  jaws  in  place  for  taking 
bearing  on  three  sides  of  the  stock.  Round 
stock  may  be  held  in  the  jaws  as  arranged 
for  holding  hexagon  or  square,  but  if  it  is 
a  trifle  oval  in  section  arrangement  of  jaws 
for  hexagon  is  better. 

The  Chuck  should  be  wiped  clean  every 
time  the  jaws  are  changed,  and  should  be 
kept  well  oiled.  To  remove  the  chuck 


from  the  spindle  of  the  3-inch  machine  it 
should  be  gripped  on  a  short  piece  of 
2-inch  stock  to  which  a  lathe  dog  is  fas- 
tened. By  the  use  of  a  lever  placed  between 
the  tail  of  the  dog  and  the  bar  of  stock,  the 
chuck  may  be  readily  loosened.  This  also 
serves  as  a  good  means  of  screwing  the 
chuck  firmly  against  the  collar  when  putting 
it  on  again. 

The  chuck  body  of  the  2-inch  machine  is 
part  of  the  spindle  and  cannot  be  removed. 

The  Roller  Feed  should  be  kept  as 
clean  as  possible  and  well  oiled.  The  bar 
of  stock  should  be  wiped  free  from  grit  and 
dirt  before  the  bar  is  placed  in  the  machine. 

The  Turret  Stops  and  how  to  ad- 
just them.  There  are  12  feed  stops  for 
the  turret,  two  for  each  position  of  the 
turret.  These  stops  are  numbered  Ai  and 
Bi  for  No.  i  turret  position,  and  A2  and  B2 
for  No.  2  turret  position,  and  so  on  up  to  6. 
The  lever  marked  stop  controller  is  ar- 
ranged to  lift  out  of  position  all  of  the  A 


stops  or  all  of  the  B  stops,  or  both  the  A  and 
B  stops.  When  only  one  stop  is  required 
for  each  position  of  the  turret,  the  stop  con- 
troller is  set  to  keep  either  the  A  or  the  B 
stops  out  of  position,  allowing  the  others  to 
do  the  work. 

If  more  than  two  stops  are  required  for 
any  one  position,  then  the  extra  stop  pin  at 
the  back  of  the  turret  slide  may  be  dropped 
into  any  one  of  the  other  five  holes,  thus 
borrowing  one  or  more  of  the  B  stops  not 
required  by  the  other  tools.  This  extra  stop 
scheme  makes  it  possible  to  give  one  of  the 
tools  seven  stops,  if  desired,  and  still  leave 
one  stop  for  each  of  the  other  five  tools. 

Each  of  the  1 2  stop  bars  is  held  in  place 
while  setting  by  the  set  screw  directly  over 
it,  but  these  set  screws  should  not  be  set 
down  hard  or  depended  upon  for  holding 
against  the  carriage  feed.  The  stop  binder 
at  the  side  clamps  all  of  the  stops  together 
and  should  be  set  hard. 

The  notched  edge  of  the  stops  should  be 
up  when  the  stop  is  to  arrest  the  forward 


223 


motion  of  the  carriage,  and  down  when  stop 
is  to  arrest  motion  of  carriage  traveling 
away  from  the  chuck. 

The  back  stop  serves  two  purposes  :  first, 
it  forms  an  abutment  for  the  rack  that  turns 
the  turret ;  and  second,  it  determines  the 
backward  travel  of  the  turret,  and  thus 
locates  the  stock  stop  which  is  attached  to 
the  turret  carriage.  The  back  stop  should 
be  set  with  reference  to  the  desired  position 
of  the  stock  stop,  against  which  the  bar  of 
work  strikes  when  a  new  length  of  work  is 
being  pushed  out  of  the  chuck.  Care  in 
setting  the  back  stop  will  leave  very  little  to 
be  done  in  adjusting  the  screw  at  the  end  of 
the  stock  stop. 

The  Turners.  The  adjustments  for  the 
turning  tools  and  for  the  back  rests  are  pro- 
vided with  binder  screws  to  prevent  their 
moving  after  being  once  set.  These  screws 
are  setup  with  a  screw  driver  from  the  back 
of  the  turner.  The  cutters  may  be  made 
of  self-hardening,  or  ordinary  tool  steel. 


224 


For  all   kinds  o 

the  part  of  it  that  \cfees  the   finishing 'is  just  ^ 
a  trifle  ahead  of  tr^e  ^bfrck  rest.     The   tool 
should    be  so  adjuste^-^^l/'/t^.pa^t  fthat 
does  the  finishing  will  rnth^Sgarfl[y 
center  of  the  bar  when  the  tool  holder  is 
swung  in. 

The  double  adjustment  of  the  turner  is 
effected  by  the  employment  of  a  double- 
throw  cam,  instead  of  the  single  cam 
formerly  used,  and  a  double-end  latch  back 
of  the  back  rest. 

The  two  cams  are  diametrically  opposite 
and  side  by  side.  The  lever  for  turning 
the  cams  is  like  a  machinist's  vise  handle. 
When  one  end  is  up,  one  of  the  cams 
engages  one  of  the  adjusting  screws,  and 
when  the  other  end  of  the  handle  is  up,  the 
other  cam  is  brought  against  the  other 
adjusting  screw. 

The  Cutting  Tool  used  in  the  Turner 

is  usually  ground  so   as  to   leave  a  square 
shoulder.      This  form  of  tool,  with  plenty 


225 


of  rake,  is  preferable  for  several  reasons, 
although  it  is  not  the  form  of  tool  that  has 
been  found  to  take  the  largest  cuts  under 
other  conditions.  It  is  not  recommended 
for  chucking  operations  or  turning  without 
the  back  rests. 

Since  the  use  of  high-speed  cutters  the 
limit  of  turning  speed  has  been  determined 
by  the  endurance  of  the  back  rests,  and 
since  the  pressure  on  the  back  rests  is 
increased  by  the  use  of  cutters  having 
beveled  or  rounded  corners,  this  is  one  of 
the  reasons  for  using  the  cutter  which 
leaves  a  square  shoulder. 

Of  course  it  is  assumed  that  the  rake  or 
top  angle  of  the  tool  is  always  to  be  as 
sharp  as  experience  with  this  machine  would 
determine. 

Another  reason  for  the  tool  that  takes 
this  square  or  face  cut  is  that  it  leaves  the 
kind  of  a  shoulder  that  is  usually  required. 

Still  another  reason  for  its  use  is  that  the 
cutting  pressure  to  hold  it  into  its  chip  is 
mostly  end  pressure  on  the  work  and  not 

226 


radial — that  is,  no  very  great  pressure  is 
required  to  hold  it  into  the  proper  depth  to 
produce  the  desired  diameter,  hence  a  slight 
variation  in  depth  of  chip  due  to  eccentricity 
of  stock  has  little  or  no  tendency  to  change 
the  position  of  the  tool.  For  this  reason 
this  tool  may  be  depended  upon  for  true 
work  in  taking  long  cuts,  even  if  the  stock 
runs  a  trifle  crooked. 

The  Cutting  Tools  for  Chucking  oper- 
ations, whether  turning  or  boring,  should 
have  their  rake  or  top  angle  sharp  to  the 
heaviest  part  of  the  chip.  For  instance,  if 
a  tool  is  to  be  used  for  facing  a  hub  of  a 
gear,  the  part  that  begins  to  cut  first  should 
be  a  sharp  angle,  so  that  the  heaviest  part 
of  the  chip  should  flow  easily  away,  while 
that  part  of  the  tool  that  leaves  its  mark 
on  the  finished  face  should  take  a  shearing 
cut  or  angular  shaping  cut,  which  leaves 
the  smooth  surface. 

Perhaps  there  is  no  more  important  point 
to  be  borne  in  mind  by  any  one  wishing  to 


227 


know  how  to  make  the  machine  do  its  best 
work  than  the  cutting  angles  of  the  tools. 
In  a  general  way  every  one  knows  that  a 
tool  should  have  the  least  amount  of  clear- 
ance and  the  greatest  amount  of  rake 
consistent  with  the  wear  of  the  tool,  but 


Turning  Tool 

.     228 


the  man  who  makes  the  greatest  record  is 
the  one  who  puts  it  into  practice. 

The  next  point  is  that  no  tool  should  be 
allowed  to  project  beyond  its  holder  or 
support  more  than  is  absolutely  necessary. 
After  having  ground  and  set  the  tool  properly, 
see  that  it  has  a  chip  or  feed  coarse  enough 
to  keep  it  from  losing  its  edge  in  the  vain 
employment  of  making  thin  chips — for  if 
the  chips  are  very  fine  it  means  that  you 
have  made  the  tool  not  only  remove  the 


Boring  Tool 


22Q 


Facing  Tool 

metal,  but  cut  it  into  fine  chips  having  no 
special  value.  Even  weak  lathes  generally  do 
better  work  with  a  medium  feed  than  a  fine 
feed.  It  is  not  uncommon  to  see  a  very  fine 
feed  being  used  in  trying  to  turn  an  extra 
true  piece  of  work,  with  the  only  result  that 
the  tool  does  not  leave  an  even  surface.  It 
alternately  rides  and  "  digs  in  "  with  a  fine 
feed,  when  an  even,  steady  cut  would  have 
been  obtained  by  a  medium  feed. 

Chattering  frequently  occurs  because  there 
is  not  chip  or  cut  large  enough  to  hold  all 


230 


the  slack  of  springing  parts.  The  cure  for 
chattering  is  frequently  more,  not  less,  feed. 
Of  course  chattering  may  be  caused  by  a 
cut  that  is  just  heavy  enough  to  balance  the 
weight  of  the  work  and  spindle,  and  then  the 
slight  necessary  looseness  of  spindle  bear- 
ings gives  the  chance  for  chattering.  An 
old-fashioned  remedy  for  this  is  to  turn  the 
tool  upside  down  to  get  the  pressure  down 
on  the  work. 

Chattering    is    destructive    of  the    sharp 
edge  of  the  tool  and  should  be  stopped  as 


Cornering  Tool 
231 


soon  as  noticed ;  but  don't  think  a  lighter 
cut  is  necessary,  for  frequently  a  heavier 
cut  stops  the  chattering. 

Facing  cuts  should  be  taken  by  the  tools 
with  round  shanks,  for  these  can  be  turned 
so  as  to  give  the  desired  rake  for  free 
cutting. 

In  facing  a  piece  in  which  the  diameter 
of  the  cut  in  one  place  is  two  or  three  times 
its  smallest  diameter,  make  sure  to  take 
advantage  of  the  convenient  means  of  chang- 
ing the  speed,  for  a  very  important  reduction 


Back-facing  Tool 
232 


in  time  of  operation  as  well  as  the  durability 
of  the  tool  may  be  effected  by  using  the 
speed  controller. 

The  Cross  Slide  is  arranged  with 
stops  for  the  front  and  back  tools.  The  up- 
right which  supports  the  pinion  shaft  is 
bored  out  to  receive  bushings  for  supporting 
the  work  against  the  forming  tool  when  it  is 
necessary  to  use  a  broad  tool  near  the  end 
of  a  slender  piece  of  work. 

Never  use  a  longer  drill  than  is  abso- 
lutely necessary.  If  the  depth  of  the  hole 
is  to  be  great  in  proportion  to  its  diameter, 
a  short,  stiff  starting  drill  should  be  used  to 
start  a  true  hole.  Never  drill  beyond  the 
piece  that  is  to  be  cut  off,  for  after  the 
piece  has  been  cut  off  and  the  bar  run  out 
to  make  another,  it  will  be  found  that  the 
end  does  not  run  exactly  as  it  did  when  it 
was  drilled  into,  and  consequently  the 
hole  runs  out.  In  some  cases,  where  the 
mouth  of  the  hole  is  to  be  larger,  it  does 
not  make  any  difference,  because  the  larger 


233 


drill  will  true  the  hole,  but  generally  it 
makes  trouble  that  is  difficult  to  overcome 
without  the  waste  of  stock. 

The  stock-stop  screw  must  be  lengthened 
out  when  drills  are  used,  and  the  length  of 
the  extension  should  be  equal  to  the  length 
of  the  longest  drill  used. 

Putting  Chasers  into  the  Die.     One 

set  of  chasers  may  be  removed  and  an- 
other put  into  place  by  simply  withdrawing 
the  two  knurled  thumb  screws  which  are 
located  in  approximately  opposite  positions 
on  the  cam  holder.  After  these  screws 
have  been  withdrawn  about  one-quarter  of 
an  inch  the  cam  holder  may  be  removed. 
In  changing  the  chasers  always  see  that  the 
chaser  grooves  in  the  die  are  wiped  out 
clean  ;  also  that  the  interior  of  the  cam 
holder  and  cam  are  free  from  chips  and 
dirt.  Place  the  chasers  in  the  respective 
grooves  in  the  die  body  by  making  the 
numbers  on  the  chasers  correspond  to  those 
on  the  body ;  then  slide  them  towards  the 


center  till  they  meet.  Now  put  on  the  cam 
holder,  and  after  having  pushed  it  as  far 
back  as  possible  with  the  chasers  in  this 
position,  push  each  of  the  chasers  out 
against  the  cam  surface  ;  this  will  allow  the 
cam  holder  to  go  back  the  full  extent. 
Now  see  that  the  screws  in  the  cam  holder 
enter  the  holes  in  the  spring  collar. 

To  Close  and  Adjust  Size.  To  close 
the  die  pull  the  handle  with  the  thumb 
pressing  gently  on  the  latch  pin.  Before 
adjusting  the  die  for  size  see  that  the  latch 
pin  is  in  its  notch,  and  that  the  O.  K.  is 
uppermost;  then  turn  the  adjusting  screw 
till  the  lines  on  the  cam  and  chaser  come 
together.  This  gives  only  an  approximate 
adjustment ;  the  micrometer  or  thread  gauge 
should  be  tried  on  the  work.  A  binder 
screw  will  be  found  to  prevent  accidental 
turning  of  the  adjusting  screw. 

Adjusting  Cutting  Length.  Now  the 
die  is  ready  to  cut  its  thread,  but  it  is  yet 

235 


necessary  to  adjust  the  stop  which  will 
determine  the  length  of  the  thread.  The 
stop  which  arrests  the  motion  of  the  carriage 
is  the  one  which  determines  the  length  of 
the  thread,  for  when  the  die  is  cutting  it  is 
only  necessary  to  retard  the  travel  of  its 
holder  to  cause  it  to  fly  open.  If  the  thread 
is  to  be  cut  close  to  the  shoulder  the  stop  must 
be  so  adjusted  as  to  avoid  all  possibility  of 
the  chasers  screwing  against  the  shoulder.  It 
is  not  safe  to  allow  the  chasers  to  get  closer  to 
the  shoulder  than  ^  of  an  inch.  The  die  head 
travels  forward  j\  of  an  inch  before  open- 
ing after  the  carriage  has  been  arrested. 

Roughing  and  Finishing  Cuts.     One 

cut  is  sufficient  for  all  U.  S.  S.  threads 
under  i  inch  in  diameter,  under  ordinary 
conditions,  but  to  obtain  best  results  on 
larger  dimensions,  extra  coarse  pitch  or 
very  rough  material,  two  cuts  are  necessary. 
The  latch  pin  is  made  reversible  for  this 
purpose.  It  may  be  readily  turned  from 
one  position  to  the  other  after  it  has  been 


236 


pulled-  out.  The  letters  O.  K.  should  be 
uppermost  when  the  finishing  cut  is  taken. 
The  work  should  never  be  allowed  to  run 
backwards  in  the  die. 

Cutting  Speeds  for  Screw  Cutting. 
Do  not  run  your  work  too  fast.  If  the  pitch 
is  extra  coarse  or  the  work  warm  from 
previous  operations,  the  speed  of  threading 
should  be  proportionately  slower.  Better 
half  speed  than  a  trifle  too  fast.  Do  not 
turn  the  part  to  be  threaded  under  size,  for 
the  line  of  travel  of  the  die  is  governed  at 
the  top  of  the  thread,  without  which  the  die 
is  inclined  to  travel  crooked  or  to  wabble. 

Use  Lard  Oil  Only,  Always  use  a 
heavy  stream,  from  at  least  a  %-'mch  pipe> 
of  lard  oil  in  cutting  tenacious  irons  and 
steels.  The  so-called  cutting  oils  and  com- 
pounds of  soda  and  oil  give  good  results  on 
brittle  material  only.  Nothing  less  than  lard 
oil  that  is  lard  oil  should  be  used  in  cutting 
the  general  run  of  Bessemer  and  open- 


237 


hearth  steels,  as  well  as  tenacious  irons,  as 
they  are  found  on  the  market,  for  these 
metals  will  average  tough  and  hard.  If  the 
same  purse  pays  for  the  labor  and  tools  that 
pays  for  tbe  oil,  there  is  no  saving  in  buying 
a  cheap  oil,  whether  it  is  called  lard  oil  or 
some  more  truthful  name. 

To  Resharpen  the  dies  grinding  must 
be  done  very  sparingly.  Grind  the  least 
possible  amount  off  the  face ;  do  the  princi- 
pal grinding  in  the  throat  of  the  die.  This, 
of  course,  carries  back  the  cutting  edge  into 
the  die  so  far  that  it  is  impossible  to  cut 
close  to  a  large  shoulder.  If  the  work 
requires  cutting  close  to  a  small  shoulder, 
the  chasers  may  be  ground  back  enough  to 
admit  that  shoulder.  Some  grinding  must 
be  done  on  the  face  of  the  die,  as  it  wears 
back  to  the  last  threads,  but  it  should  be 
done  with  great  care.  In  grinding  the 
throat,  do  not  follow  the  curved  lines  of  the 
teeth  in  order  to  obtain  the  correct  clearance, 
for  the  teeth  were  produced  by  a  mill  2^ 


238 


inches  in  diameter;  following  this  shape 
would  give  too  much  clearance.  Don't 
change  the  angle  of  chamfer  ;  it  is  better  to 
be  guided  by  the  wearing  of  the  die.  See 
that  each  chaser  is  ground  an  equal  amount, 
either  by  gauge  or  by  bringing  the  teeth 
only  to  a  cutting  edge. 

Ordering  Parts.  The  chaser  and  all 
other  parts  of  the  dies  are  made  by  special 
machinery  and  are  perfectly  interchangeable ; 
any  one  of  the  standard  chasers  may  be 
duplicated  from  stock,  and  special  chasers 
on  short  notice,  providing  you  give  in  your 
order  all  the  letters  and  numbers  appearing 
on  the  chaser.  Chasers  may  be  sent  by  mail. 
When  ordering  other  repair  parts  please  use 
list  number  of  piece  given  on  pages  240  and 
241,  and  always  state  size  of  die  head.  The 
head  which  has  capacity  for  threads  up  to  2 
inches  diameter  is  called  No.  6,  the  i  ^-inch 
capacity  No.  3  (cut  on  page  241  illustrates 
parts  of  our  later  pattern  i^-inch  die, 
No.  4),  and  the  ^-inch  capacity  No.  i. 


PVB 

A    O 


Parts  of  Nos.  3  and  6  Dies 


Parts  of  No.  4  Die 
241 


TRAVELING    DIRECTIONS    FOR 
VISITORS 

Our  entire  plant  is  open  to  those  interested 
enough  to  come  to  see  us. 

Springfield,  Vermont,  the  home  of  the 
Flat  Turret  Lathe,  is  located  near  the 
Connecticut  River  just  north  of  Bellows 
Falls. 

It  is  reached  by  a  modern  freight  and 
passenger  electric  railway  which  connects 
with  the  Connecticut  River  Division  of  the 
Boston  &  Maine  Railroad  at  Charlestown, 
New  Hampshire. 

The  electric  railway  cars  meet  all  trains, 
including  the  midnight,  and  take  the  trav- 
elers directly  to  the  office  and  works  of  the 
Jones  &  Lamson  Machine  Company,  which 
is  located  on  the  electric  line,  three  minutes' 
walk  from  the  terminus. 

The  Adnabrown  Hotel,  at  the  end  of  the 
railway,  is  of  course  ready  to  receive  guests 
at  any  hour. 

Travelers  from  Boston  come  via  the  Fitch- 
burg  Division  of  Boston  &  Maine  Railroad 


242 


through  to  Bellows  Falls,  at  which  junction 
they  change  cars  to  the  Connecticut  River 
Division  for  an  eight-mile  ride  north  to 
Charlestown,  where  an  electric  car  will  be 
found  awaiting  the  train. 

Visitors  from  New  York  come  to  Spring- 
field, Mass.,  over  the  New  Haven  Road, 
and  change  there  to  the  Connecticut  River 
trains,  which  run  north  through  the  beautiful 
Connecticut  Valley  to  Charlestown,  New 
Hampshire.  In  the  summer  season  White 
Mountain  trains  run  without  change  from 
New  York  through  Charlestown. 

The  trip  takes  six  to  eight  hours  from 
New  York  and  from  four  to  four  and  one- 
half  hours  from  Boston. 

Travelers  from  the  West,  if  coming  via 
the  New  York  Central  Railroad,  generally 
continue  to  Springfield,  Mass.,  over  the 
Boston  &  Albany  Division,  or  take  the 
Fitchburg  Railroad  through  the  Hoosick 
"Tunnel  to  Greenfield,  Mass.,  the  junction 
with  the  Connecticut  River  Railroad. 


243 


CONTENTS 


Evolution  of  the  machine  shop 
Diagrams  showing  cutting  action 
Address  of  Jones  &  Lamson  offices     . 
Home  of  the  Flat  Turret  Lathe 
Our  record    ...... 

Introduction 

Our  selling  method       .... 
The  flat  turret,  general  description 
Illustrations  of  2  x  24  and  3  x  36-inch 
machines        ..... 

Working  range 

Multi-stop  and  Double  Turners   . 

Turret 

Feeding  mechanism  .... 
Cross-sliding  head  .... 
Automatic  chuck  .... 

Roller  feed 

Turner  for  bar  work  .... 
Turret  cross  slide  .... 

Our  claims  

Screw  threads  and  automatic  die 

Lead  control 

Accurate  screw  cutting 

Chucking  machines      .... 

Outfit  of  tools      ....'. 

Taper  turner 

Miscellaneous  tools  .... 
Setting-up  directions  and  operation  . 

Parts  of  dies 

Traveling  directions     .... 


1-56 

57-  64 

67 

69,  70 
7i-  73 
74>  75 
76,  77 
78,  79 

80-  83 

84,    85 

87-  93 

95»    96 

96-98 

98-103 

104,  105 

106,  107 

108-110 

III,  112 

113-116 
117-122 
123-126 
127-131 

132-189 
190-197 
198, 199 

200-203 

204-239 

240,  241 

242, 243 


Ik    PROFLETY  1 


Bartlett  &  Company 

The  Orr  Press 

New  York 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBR^ 
BERKELEY 

Return  to  desk  from  which  borrowed. 
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